Lili Benčik odgovara Milanu Kesiću i donosi mu potresno svjedočanstvo partizansko jugoslavenskih zločina

3.kolovoza EUROPSKI DAN SJEĆANJA NA ŽRTVE TOTALITARNIH I AUTORITATVNIH REŽIMA…

Autor: Lili Benčik | Bez Cenzure

Donosimo potresno svjedočanstvo pokojne Filomene Filke Ratković koja je opisala stradanje svog oca Vlade u Kaštelina 1943 godine.

„Prošlo je više od pola stoljeća od tragedije, bolje rečeno zločina, o kojem se u ovom tekstu piše. Pošlo je i 27 godine od kad je stradanje na tom mjestu obilježeno. A prošlo je i 17 godina otkako je ovaj tekst napisan. I što se od tada dogodilo? Ništa. Pobrinuli smo se da dospije u ruke i državnim i lokalnim dužnosnicima iz različitih stranaka i partija, institucijama, uredima i komisijama, svima koji bi po dužnosti na to morali reagirati. I što su napravili? Ništa! U svoje ruke dobili su i oni, sveprisutni, koji se predstavljaju borcima za ljudska prava, koji prebrojavaju jedne žrtve a o drugima ih nije briga. Te interesneAh, da. Netko je nešto učinio. Mi, obitelj pokojnog Vladimira Stude  nakon više od stoljeća njegovog rođenja i više od pola stoljeća nakon njegove mučeničke smrti od partizanske ruke, uspjeli smo ga službeno proglasiti mrtvim. I za to smo u našoj državi, državi za koju smo se borili potrošili cca. 8.000 kuna.Poraće je. Prošla je, i našu obitelj dobro zahvatila, prvo konfiskacija pa nacionalizacija. Što se moglo? Sila Boga ne moli. Na osnovi osobno proživljenog iskustva, kao i naknadnog dugogodišnjeg napornog, upornog i cijeloj obitelji, bolnog istraživanja, napisala sam ovaj tekst s jednim jedinim ciljem: neka se dozna istina. Prava istina o nekim davnim i onim ne tako dalekim događajima. Predugo je vladala šutnja prekrivena čvrstim plaštem laži, one “istine” koju su “oslobodioci” godinama servirali kao jedinu i neupitnu, prikrivajući njome svoje strašne zločine. Ovdje govorim o slučaju naše obitelji. A koliko je takvih obitelji? Koliko je onih koji nikad nisu saznali sudbinu svojih bliskih, nestalih u bezbrojnim jamama ili satrtih na poslijeratnim Križnim putovima?

Većina spomenutih sudionika opisanih događaja već su odavno pokojni, za neke ne znam gdje su. Međutim, neki od aktera još su živi i mogu posvjedočiti o činjenicama. Krvnicima ionako ja ne mogu oprati krv s njihovih zločinačkih ruku.I, kao što je jednom rekla moja mama upirući prstom put nebesa:“Ja sam im oprostila. Neka ondje gore riješe svoje grijehe.”

Djelić temelja partizanskog antifašizma

Moram dokazati da je moj otac mrtav. Naizgled jednostavno, zar ne? Uobičajeno bi bilo u takvom slučaju otići u općinski ili neki sličan ured platiti propisanu taksu i zatražiti smrtovnicu. Ali ne i u ovom slučaju. Smrtovnicu ne mogu izdati jer nemaju saznanja da je mrtav. Nitko ga nije upisao u knjigu umrlih. Pravno on je još živ. I tu je kvaka.Naime, da je još uvijek živ, sada bi imao 119 godina i bio poznat u svjetskim razmjerima kao najstariji čovjek na svijetu. (Tada navodi Filka Ratković)Problem je što svi u obitelji, a i u našem malom mistu znaju da je mrtav, samo to moramo i dokazati. Točnije rečeno, moramo nadležnim službama, u ovom slučaju sudu, dati dokaze da nije više živ tako da ga oni mogu proglasiti mrtvim. Na temelju toga druga državna služba izdat’ će smrtovnicu.

Drugi problem je što on nije umro prirodnom smrću.Ne, on je ubijen. Ubili su ga 1943. godine hladnokrvno, s predumišljajem i organizirano tzv. “oslobodioci” – partizani, isti oni koji danas tvrde da su antifašisti, ma što to značilo. Potom su vrlo revno, našu obitelj oslobodili i najvećeg dijela pošteno zarađene imovine.Živjeli smo u obiteljskoj kući u Kaštel Novom. Otac i njegova braća imali su uspješnu tvrtku “Braća Stude” koja se bavila vinogradarstvom i proizvodnjom i prodajom kvalitetnih vina, likera i pjenušaca.

Bilo nas je četvoro djece: Neda, Mira, Drago i ja. U vrijeme opisanih događaja Neda je živjela i radila u Splitu a Drago je bio u Zagrebu. U kući je, uz našu mamu Katicu, Miru i mene, bila i Mande Matijaš, naša dugogodišnja domaćica.Moj otac, Vladimir Stude pok. Marina, bio je srčani bolesnik (angina pectoris). Dugo se liječio u Zagrebu. Vrativši se u Kaštel Novi gdje se nalazila naša obiteljska kuća, držeći se savjeta liječnika, svaki dan se šetao ili vozio bicikl.

“Oslobodioci” Malega mista

Tako je bilo i 4. rujna 1943. godine. Pape je (nikad ga nismo zvali tata, jedino pape) biciklom krenuo na jednu od svojih uobičajenih ruta, do naših polja zvanih Bile. Tamo ga je, u polju, pod maslinom, dočekao znanac Vicko Grgin, partizan iz Kaštel Novog. Grgin je razgovoru rekao da će Italija uskoro kapitulirati i da se oni spremaju doći u selo. Neka se ništa ne boji, on ga dobro poznaje i bit’ će pod njegovom zaštitom. Ujedno ga je zamolio da se nađu ponovo popodne na istom mjestu i neka donese nešto lira kao pomoć jer će im trebati kad dođu u selo.

Kod kuće su imali 50.000 lira. Moja majka Katica izdvojila je 20.000 i dala ih ocu koji ih je odnio na dogovoreno mjesto i predao Grginu. Taj isti Vicko Grgin postao je kasnije slavljeni partizanski general.Italija je kapitulirala 8. rujna. Partizani slavodobitno ulaze u selo. Život, bar na izgled, ide dalje, iako ne na uobičajeni način. Skoro svaki dan bi netko iz sela bio odveden u nepoznato i za njega se više ne bi čulo. O tome se samo šapatom pričalo.Preko puta naše kuće su Kula Čipiko i prostrana skladišta u vlasništvu obitelji Katalinić. Tu su bili smješteni zarobljeni talijanski vojnici uglavnom mladi i prestrašeni. Njih po grupama odvoze kamionima.“U Šibenik” – kažu čuvari. Malo je čudno da se ti isti kamioni prazni brzo vraćaju. A Šibenik nije blizu. U međuvremenu, počela je prava pljačka. Neki su to zvali „oslobođenje“. Iz skladišta se iznosilo sve što se moglo nositi na rukama, tačkama, nosilima… Krala je sirotinja ali i oni koji nisu baš bili potrebiti.

Pod parolom “sve je to narodno” bezočno se otimalo tuđe vlasništvo. Tu grabež skoro je nemoguće opisati. To je savršeno uspjelo jedino Miljenku Smoji u “Velom mistu”. Gledajući epizodu koja priča o sličnom događaju činilo mi se da je snimljena 1943., upravo ispred naše kuće.Iza Kule bila je velika hrpa naslaganih drva pripremljenih za zimu. Naravno i ona se odnose. Netko od seljana svoju zalihu opljačkanog privremeno slaže u slijepoj uličici iza naše kuće. Ne znajući za aktivnosti oko tih drva, izašla sam iz kuće.Na dnu vanjskih skala stoji naoružan partizan – naš susjed Marko Jurić. Odmah je počeo vikati na mene što kradem državnu imovinu. Nisam imala pojma o čemu govori niti sam tada znala da su bivši vlasnici drva i druge robe u skladištima već “izvlašteni” u ime nekih viših ciljeva. Odgovorila sam mu da je lud i da nemam pojma o čemu govori i za što me optužuje. On skine pušku s ramena i kundakom me prilično jako odvali po ramenu. Kao prava tvrdoglava sedamnaestogodišnjakinja, nisam mu ostala dužna nego sam ga nogom žestoko raspalila po koljenu. To ga je još više razljutilo. Ponovo me je udario, ovaj put jače. Rame mi je bilo iskočilo a ja sam se srušila niz stepenice.Mande me je, uz nečiju, pomoć digla i unijela u kuću. Otišli su po čovjeka koji je sređivao takve stvari te mi je on namjestio iščašeno rame.

Drugarica – gospodarica

Jednog dana, točnije 15. rujna, bili smo počašćeni važnom posjetom. U našu kuću je došlo partizansko izaslanstvo: Jere Matijaš zvan Voda (Jere je bio brat naše domaćice Mande, a i on je neko vrijeme kod nas zarađivao kruh svoj svagdašnji), Anka Lozovina, sestra kasnije proglašenog „narodnog heroja“ Joze Lozovine-Mosora (po njemu je Trogirsko brodogradilište dobilo ime) i još sedam – osam njihova drugova iz Segeta. U Segetu je tada bila partizanska komanda za šire područje Trogira.Bili su okićeni puškama, bombama, dalekozorima i svim ostalim ratnim rekvizitima koji su u ono vrijeme bili u trendu. Lijepo smo ih pogostili. Bila je to, rekli su, prijateljska posjeta. Došli su se zahvaliti za našu pomoć.Naime, naša mama i Mande su tijekom rata i talijanske okupacije, za Jeru i njegovu grupu šivali tople prsluke, pleli im čarape i prikupljali druge stvari. To su, po potrebi, nosili u Seget i predavali “vezi”. O tim stvarima se za vrijeme rata u kući nije govorilo, pogotovo ne pred djecom. Mama nam je o tome pričala kasnije.

U to vrijeme, bar u Dalmaciji, bilo je uobičajeno da zaposlenici bilo kojeg statusa u tvrtkama kao što je bila tvrtka moje obitelji svoje poslodavce tituliraju s “gospodaru” i “gospodarice”. Tako su oslovljavali i moje roditelje, a ni Jere Matijaš nije bio iznimka. Novi sustav vrednovanja uveo je i nove načine oslovljavanja pa su svi službeno postali “drugovi” i “drugarice”.Dakle, dobili smo posjetu. Jere, ne mogavši se potpuno osloboditi svog starog odnosa sluga-gospodar, mamu je titulirao kompromisno.

“Znate drugarice – gospodarice” – ispalio je pripremljenu službenu tiradu, blaženo nesvjestan komičnosti svojih riječi – “mi se borimo za jednakost. Neće više biti poreza, novac neće trebati jer će svatko imati što mu treba i svatko će nositi klobuke a ne samo gospoda i bogati”.Mama ga je pogledala ispod oka i potpuno ozbiljno odgovorila:“Jedva čekam vidjeti i taj dan.”

Na Kozjaku – jama do jame

Onaj, za našu obitelj crni i nikad prežaljeni dan, 25. rujna 1943. godine, započeo je negdje iza jedan sat po ponoći. Sve nas je probudilo bjesomučno lupanje po ulaznim vratima i povici: “Otvori!”

Otac je sišao i onako, u pidžami, otvorio vrata kroz koja nahrupiše četvorica do zuba naoružana partizana: Ante Remetin zvan Lovrica iz Kaštel Novog, Ante Kovač zvan Kaparanić iz Kaštel Sućurca, Ivan Ađutantov poznat kao Markiol iz Kaštel Lukšića te Ante Bedalov po nadimku Abesinac iz Kaštel Kambelovca. Sve domaći ljudi, Kaštelani.Traže od oca da se odmah obuče a Lovrica ga čak prati u sobu, valjda da ne pobjegne kroz prozor spavaće sobe koja je bila na trećem katu kuće. Mama ga upita gdje ga vode. Lovrica joj objašnjava da imaju puno zarobljenika Talijana i Nijemaca.“On govori te jezike pa će nam biti tumač.”Kao usput, prigovorio je mom ocu:“Ti spavaš u postelji a mi po šumama i poljima.”

“Mlad si ti.” – odgovorio mu je (Lovrici je tada moglo biti oko 26 godina a papi 60) – “Ti to možeš izdržati.”Mama ih pratila do izlaza iz kuće i upitala jednog od partizana:

“Kad će te ga vratiti? Gdje idete?”

“Brže nego što se nadaš.” – glasio je odgovor – “Idemo u Komandu.”Ta “Komanda” na koju je mislio bila je u Domu željezničara u Kaštel Lukšiću. U stvari, Dom je, kao i obližnji dvorac Vitturi, služio kao privremeni zatvor odnosno logor.Ujutro, negdje oko 4,30 sati, vidjevši da se otac ne vraća, Mande je skuhala kavu i natočila je u lončić. Pošalju me s tom kavom u tu Komandu da je odnesem ocu i vidim što je s njim. Jako sam se žurila, skoro trčala. Iako sam imala kratke rukave, sva sam se kupala u znoju. Negdje na pola puta od naše kuće ugledam kako prema meni ide grupa ljudi. Sve sam ih poznavala: moj otac, Mate Čipčić-Bragadin, braća Ivo i Ante Žanić zvani Milić. Pratili su ih stražari s puškama na ramenu: Mijo Rudić zvani Banica i Frane Žanić, obojica iz Kaštel Novog. Pitam gdje ih vode a otac mi kaže da ih odvode u neku drugu komandu, valjda višu. U hodu ispija kavu dijeleći je s Matom Bragadinom. Mene je poslao doma da što prije obavijestim mamu i dovedem je poprečnim putem do mjesta gdje će morati proći.Mama se odmah uputila na dogovoreno mjesto a ja sam otrčala do kuće obitelji Bragadin i javila sve Matinim kćerkama Mariji i Savini i njihovoj teti. Potom sam se žurno uputila u susret ocu. Imala sam sreću. Dotrčala sam baš kada su se oni pojavili. Mama je već bila tamo.Tu su se kratko zaustavili pa smo s njima pokušali razgovarati dok jedan od stražara – Frane Žanić – nije prekinuo razgovor riječima:“Ajde, dosta je. Pozdravite se, nama se žuri.”

Poljubila sam oca. To je zadnji put da sam ga vidjela.

Dok sam se opraštala s Matom Čipčić-Bragadin, on mi je u ruku krišom utisnuo svoj vjenčani prsten šapnuvši mi:“Kad dođeš u selo, daj mi ovo kćerkama.”

Učinila sam to. Puno sam, kasnije, razmišljala o tom njegovom postupku. Imao je tada 74 godine. Cijeli život bio je lovac, poznavao je Kozjak (brdo iznad Kaštela), odvjetnik po struci. Shvatio je stvarnost i ono što ih čeka. Na Kozjaku nema Komande ali ima jama.

Kevina jama

Grupa uznika vođena svojim čuvarima nastavila je put prema Željezničkoj stanici Kaštel Stari. Tamo su, prema svjedočenju braće Ante i Ive Žanić, u kamion ukrcani moj otac, Mate Čipčić-Bragadin i njihova straža. Prevezeni su do prijevoja Malačka na Kozjaku. Ostatak grupe ostao je na Željezničkoj stanici.

Po dolasku na Malačku, iskrcani su iz kamiona a put su nastavili pješice, prema Radošiću. Pratili su ih kaštelanski partizani Srećko Jakovac i Martin Stipoljev zvan Tikvica, obojica iz Kaštel Starog.

U to se vrijeme na teritoriju koji su nadzirali partizani provodila opća mobilizacija. Svi oni koje je nova vlast proglasila sposobnim za oružje pokupljeni su, proglašeni dobrovoljcima i privedeni u sabirne centre.Istim putem Kaštela – Željeznička stanica – prijevoj Malačka – Radošić a potom put sela Sratok (kasnije je selo preimenovano u Bogdanoviće) prolazile su kolone netom mobiliziranih Kaštelana kojih su se “oslobodioci” uspjeli dokopati za popunu svojih redova. Naravno, uz dobro naoružanu pratnju. Da se slučajno ne bi tko pokušao izvući i vratiti kući.

Među njima je bio i mamin brat Radoslav-Rade Poparić. Puno njih, uključivo i mog ujaka, oca mi je tada vidjelo posljednji put.

Cesta Kaštela – Lečevica načelno se proteže pravcem jug – sjever. Na drugoj strani Kozjaka, iza Malačke, je područje sela Radošić odnosno Kaštelansko zaleđe koje spada u Dalmatinsku Zagoru. Na tom dijelu ceste jedan odvojak se izdvaja okomito prema zapadu. To je put za Sratok.

Na sjeverozapadnoj strani toga T – križanja, kojih dvadesetak metara daleko od ceste, nalazi se Kevina jama. Od naše kuće do te jame ima nekih petnaestak kilometara.

To je kraška jama oblika obrnutog lijevka. Dubine je sedamdesetak metara od čega je gornja polovina okomiti i relativno uski tunel, dok se dolje širi u prostranu dvoranu promjera tridesetak metara.

Zašto Srećko?

Iskaz Fabjana Jurčeva, svima u Novom poznatog kao Brico, meni i mom bratu Dragi:

“Malo sam zastao iza kolone pa sam se požurio da je stignem. Na zaokretu, kod odvojka koji vodi za Sratok, vidio sam vašeg oca i šjor Matu. Upitao sam vam oca:“A di vi idete?”“U Komandu” – odgovorio mi je. Šjor Mate je šutio. Otac vam je u jednoj ruci imao mali zavežljaj a u drugoj nekakav komad drva kojim se poštapao. Pratili su ih Srećko Jakovac i Martin Tikvica.“Kakva komanda!” – pomislio sam – “Komanda je dolje u selu. Ovo ne miriše na dobro.”Požurio sam se za mojom grupom. Nismo odmakli niti stotinjak metara kad se iza nas začuju pucnji. Odmah se među nama proširio šapat:

“Ubili su ih!”

Ujaku je, kad je začuo pucnjeve i shvatio što se dogodilo, u hodu pozlilo. Oni oko njega su ga pridržali da ne padne i tako privuče neželjenu pažnju svojih čuvara, nervoznih i naoružanih.

“Šutke smo nastavili hodati.” – završio je Fabjan.Na samoj jami, neposredno prije smaknuća, otac je shvatio što se događa.Kazivanje jednog od ubojica – Srečka Jakovca (na samrti se ispovjedio svojoj obitelji):“Došli smo do jame. Na Studi se vidjelo da je tada razumio što ga čeka. Upitao me je:“Zašto, Srećko? Bio si radnik u našem magazinu, pošteno plaćen, zašto?”

“Tako je. Eto, zato neću ja u vas pucati.” – odgovorio sam mu – “Neka puca Tikvica ja ću pucati u Matu Bragadina.”

I dok smo repetirali puške, Vlado Stude je počeo pjevati.“Mislim da je u tom času poludio.”Nisu odmah upali u jamu pa smo ih puškama i nogama odgurali. Vladi je pola glave bilo razneseno a jedno oko je još treptalo.”

Partizanska strahovlada

Tu potresnu priču jedan član obitelji Jakovac prepričao je nama.Kad smo se mama i ja rastali od oca i došli doma ona je odmah poslala Mandu u Seget da potraži svog brata Jeru Matijaša.Htjela je da on, kao uvaženi pripadnik partizanskog pokreta, intervenira kod svojih neka nam puste oca. Jere je odmah otišao u tu njihovu Komandu u Domu željezničara i na upit gdje je Stude dobio kratak odgovor:

“Likvidiran je odmah.”

“Zašto tako, bez ispitivanja?”

“Zato jer smo znali da ćeš doći u intervenciju.”

Jere je, čuvši to a poznavajući našu obitelj i znajući da mi otac nikome nije naudio, naprotiv da su naši roditelji časne osobe, uvažene u selu i uvijek spremne pomoći drugima, otišao jednom od onih koji su tada “drmali” u Kaštelima i u pravednom gnjevu porazbijao mu sve po kući.Oko 13 sati istog dana Jere je došao u našu kuću. Dovezao ga je motorom Jozo Lozovina-Mosor. Potražio je svoju sestru i samo njoj šapnuo:

“Gotovo je. Zakasnio sam.”

Mande u početku nije nikom ništa govorila iako se, kasnije smo ustanovili, po selu o tome već šapatom pričalo. Kako više nije mogla u sebi nositi tu strašnu tajnu nakon nekog vremena odvela je mene i sestru Miru i sve nam rekla. Neću ni pokušati opisati kako smo to doživjele.

Točno tjedan dana nakon što su odveli oca, u isti sat, jedan po ponoći, dolazi ista grupa naoružanih partizana. Ovaj put po mamu. Isto lupanje po vratima, isti povici:“Otvori!”

Otvaramo vrata a oni kažu:“Katice, došli smo po tebe jer te Vlade zove. Morate se dogovoriti neke stvari oko imanja.”

Kurvo – hrvatska učiteljice

Ta noć je bila noć užasa. Na poluotvorenim vratima, oni potežu mamu vani, mi je vučemo unutra. Vičemo, zovemo u pomoć. Mira i ja znamo što se ocu dogodilo, ne želimo izgubiti i majku. Ali tko će nam pomoći? Partizanska strahovlada utjerala je svima strah u kosti. Susjedi čuju, moraju čuti. Kuće su zbijene, blizu jedna drugoj.Jedan jedini koji se usudio pojaviti bio je naš bliski susjed Petar Cetinčić, no i on je brutalno, uz prijetnju oružjem, potjeran natrag u svoju kuću.Nakon otprilike sat vremena natezanja, vike i prijetnji, Lovrica zgrabi Miru i izvuče je iz kuće. Potjera je na dno vanjskih skala, prisloni joj pušku na vrat.

“Kurvo! Hrvatska učiteljice!” – vikao je na nju – “Ubit ću tebe i sve tvoje do sedmog koljena.”To “učiteljice” u glavi tog polupismenog “antifašiste” bilo je izjednačeno s pismenošću. Ako znaš pisat onda si učitelj.

Mama je od traume prokrvarila i krv se niz njene noge slijevala po terasi i skalama.

Tu noć je puhalo jako jugo. Naša kuća je na rivi, uz more, uvijek izložena udarcima juga. Bilo nam je užasno hladno od straha i vjetra. A kako je tek bilo Miri, u pidžami s puškom na vratu? Uvijek nam je poslije ponavljala da ju je spasila jedino molitva i njena snažna vjera.Trajalo je to natezanje do pet ujutro sve dok jedan od tih hrabrih boraca, Ivan Ađutantov- Markiol, nije rekao svojim drugovima:“Ja ovo više ne mogu ni gledati ni slušati. Pustite malu i ostale i idemo.”Za čudo Božje, ostali su ga poslušali.

Narodni neprijatelji

Sutradan ujutro Mandu je na ulici zaustavio Ivan Grujica iz Kaštel Štafilića, jedan od aktivista u novostvorenim organima “narodne vlasti”. U strogom povjerenju je upozori da su maloprije na sastanku (vjerojatno mjesnog odbora ili nečeg sličnog) odlučili da se naša kuća zapali zbog toga jer nisu uspjeli odvući našu majku. Savjetovao je da se svi negdje sklonimo.

Zbog tog čina sam Ivanu Grujici, iako je odavno pokojni, vječno zahvalna. Trebala je velika hrabrost da u tom bezumlju i strahovladi nađe hrabrosti i upozori nas – narodne neprijatelje.

Obiteljska prijateljica, sumještanka Luce Kuzmanić, na maminu zamolbu, našla nam je smještaj za tu noć u dvije obitelji. Primili su nas na spavanje da ne bi izgorjeli zajedno s kućom. Mama i Mira su spavale kod Kate Poparić koja je živjela nedaleko od naše kuće.

Ja sam otišla kod Vinke Jurčev-Mačalin žene Mate, inače aktivistice AFŽ-a. Kako sam zbog proteklih događaja bila jako isprepadana bojala se biti sama posebice noću. Zato sam spavala u krevetu s njom i njenim mužem.

Po noći su u kući ostali uz Mandu, Ante Danilo i Vinko Vuletin-Cirojko. Oni su kad plane vatra trebali kroz sjeverne prozore izbaciti zamotuljke, uglavnom posteljinu i odjeću koje je mama pripravila prije izlaska. Da se bar nešto sačuva.

Pred zoru je Vinkin muž Mate izašao pogledati što je s kućom. Brzo se vratio i javio da se ništa nije dogodilo.

Zašto je nisu zapalili? Jednostavno, netko od mudrijih aktivista – palikuća se sjetio da puše jugo a naša kuća je najveća pa bi vjerojatno tako zapalili pola sela. To je dojavio Mandi isti onaj Ivan Gujica uz napomenu da opasnost za nas nikako nije prošla.

U ime mrtvih

Svakih nekoliko dana mama je dobivala poruke onih iz Komande otprilike ovakvog sadržaja:“Pošalji Vladi čarapa, rublja, odijelo. Zahladilo je pa mu treba.”Sve je to Mande, po maminim zapovijedima, pakirala i predavala jednom istom momku koji je po to dolazio. Bio je to izvjesni Žanić poznat po nadimku Šeprka.

Mama još uvijek nije znala da ubojice, bez imalo grižnje savjesti, to naručuju u ime njihove mrtve žrtve.

Zahtijevali su oni svašta. I hranu i novac i druge stvari. A mama je slala misleći kako pomaže mužu i onima koji su s njim.Tražili su, istančanog li ukusa tih seljačina koji su se do tada u sukno i opanke oblačili, očev krombi kaput, kišobran a na kraju i pisaći stroj iz kancelarije.Nismo mogli tako živjeti iz dana u dan čekajući da oni smisle što će učiniti s kućom dok mi spavamo u tuđem. A da i ne govorim da smo se bojale što mogu učiniti nama. Zbog toga je mama odlučila da se sklonimo u Split, kod njenog brata Drage Poparića.Ja sam biciklom otišla do Kaštel Sućurca, ostavila bicikl kod poznatih, i brodom se prevezla u Split. Tako sam inače svakodnevno putovala u školu i natrag.Mamu i Miru karom je prebacio Ante Danilo. Kar je dalmatinski naziv za drvena kola koja vuče konj a imalo ga je svako bolje poljoprivredno domaćinstvo. Ja sam svakih dva-tri dana istim putem odlazila u Kaštela po hranu (kruh, slanina, povrće i druge namirnice) koju bi nam Mande pripremila. Kasnije je “narodna vlast” između svih ostalih stvari, konfiscirala i moj bicikl.U Splitu smo bile do polovine prosinca a onda smo se vratile. Evo zašto.Jednog dana Roza, naša susjeda iz Kaštela došla nam je u posjetu. Našla je mamu kako plete debelu majicu za oca. Vidjevši to Roza joj reče:

“E, moja Katice, što to pleteš? U Kevinoj jami to nije potrebno.”

I sad osjetim bol u srcu kad se sjetim tog trenutka. Mama se skamenila na stolici, ruke s pletivom klonile su joj u krilo. Lice joj je pokrilo nadnaravno bljedilo. Prazan pogled koji ne vidi ništa. Duga, ledena šutnja a onda kao iz neke daljine, polako, skoro šapatom progovori:“Nema oca, nema muža. Bože moj, tko i zašto?”

“Hrabri” partizani

Mira se, a u onoj groznoj noći doživjela je živčani slom te zaradila tešku upalu pluća i porebrice, polako oporavljala. Mamu je, saznavši za strašnu sudbinu našeg oca, napustio strah od moguće zle sudbine koja bi nas mogla zadesiti u Kaštelima.Uostalom, partizani su pobjegli jer su nadirali njihovi neprijatelji. Kaštela, kao i Split i drugi dijelovi Dalmacije, pali su pod NDH. Na to područje ušli su ustaše i Nijemci.Prije bijega iz sela, nekoliko dana prije Svih svetih 1943. godine partizani su se pobrinuli da ih se ne zaboravi. Više se nisu zamarali sofisticiranim pričama o “tumačima” niti prevoženjem do nekih “viših komandi”.Pokupili su desetak uglednih i bogatih osoba oba spola i odveli ih u staru vojnu bazu Divulje oko 4 kilometra zapadno od Kaštel Novog prema Trogiru. Tamo su ih tukli, mrcvarili, žene i silovali a onda polumrtve zaprežnim kolima, noću prevezli na naše groblje sv. Josipa.

Tamo su ih jednostavno, po kratkom postupku, pobili i bacili u veliku ubožničku grobnicu i po njima bacili živo vapno. Nisu se ni malo trudili sakriti svoje nedjelo.

Među tada ubijenima bili su meni poznati: majka i sin Ana i Vinko Amat, Savka Metličić, Srećko Kapetanović-Kapo i Petar Dobrić-Birić.

Grobnica je sagrađena dvadesetih godina, na poticaj domaćeg župnika i dobrotom Kaštelana, za ukope siromašnih. Na Mrtvi dan Kaštelani po starom običaju odlaze na groblje.Tamo zatiču sliku užasa: ispod odmaknute ploče grobnice gola i polugola krvava tijela sumještana a krv, tragovi metaka i prazne čahure posvuda.

Obitelji i prijatelji ubijenih, noću s platnom namočenim u rakiju preko lica, da bar malo ublaže smrad raspadajućih tijela, vadili su iz nje svoje očeve i majke, sinove i kćeri. Njih su, Bogu hvala, bar mogli kršćanski pokopati u obiteljske grobnice. Oni koji su se spustili u grobnicu posvjedočili su da se unutra, osim onih koje su iznijeli, nalazi još najmanje trideset-četrdeset poluraspadnutih leševa ljudi koji su očito ubijeni danima prije.

Na grobnici se i danas dobro vide tragovi metaka. I uvijek netko donese stručak cvijeća.

Zločinci će svoj teret nositi zauvijek

Mama se odlučila na povratak u Kaštela.Nije nam dopustila da nosimo crninu kao što je običaj. Možda iz prkosa.

“Crnina je vanjski znak tuge. A tuge nam je dosta u srcu.”

U svoj svojoj žalosti brinula se o nama ne samo fizički.

“Ne dopustite da vam u srcima zavlada mržnja jer onda postajete neljudi. Svaka mržnja ubija dušu i srce. A najvažnije je spasenje duše. Molimo za oca, nemojmo ga zaboraviti a zločinci koji su to učinili svoj teret će nositi zauvijek.”

I bilo je tako. Puno godina nakon opisanih događaja dugovi su počeli stizati na naplatu. Naime, Kaštela su mala mjesta, sedam povezanih sela uz more. Manje – više svi su se tada međusobno znali i tajne se nisu mogle dugo čuvati. Tako je misterija nestanka moga oca dobila i svoje počinitelje, naredbodavce i izvršitelje. Mi smo znali za njih, a i oni su znali da mi znamo.

Martin Stipoljev zvan Tikvica umirao je u teškim bolovima. Osjećajući da mu se bliži kraj, poslao je prijatelja Jakova Jakovca iz Kaštel Starog našoj mami s molbom da dođe do njega i da mu dade oprost. Ona je odbila doći mu u posjetu nego mu je po istom glasniku poslala poruku:

“U ime djece i moje, ja sam ti oprostila, a ti to raščisti sa svojom savješću.”

Nije umro lako. Rak ga je rastakao, bolovi razdirali pa je sam pokušao prekratiti si muke.

Josip-Bepo Babin partizanski general, 1943. godine alfa i omega u Kaštelima. On je odlučivao o životu i smrti svojih susjeda i suseljana. Ni njemu nije dano da ljudski umre. Grižnja savjest učinila je svoje. Prerezao si je žile na rukama a potom se bacio u more kod hotela “Palace” u Kaštel Starom. Sutradan su njegovo truplo našli kako pluta pod Čiovom.

Križni put sina “narodnog neprijatelja”

Brat Drago bio je tada u Zagrebu gdje je pohađao Tehničku školu. Za vrijeme školovanja živio je kod našeg strica Antona. Stric je imao stan i kancelarije predstavništva firme “Braća Stude” u Mrazovićevoj ulici.Drago je za ubojstvo oca saznao sasvim slučajno, od jednog poznanika Kaštelana, negdje oko Božića. Odmah nam je javio da dolazi kući. Znali smo kad dolazi parobrod (iz Zagreba se tada putovalo vlakom do Metkovića ili Ploča a potom brodom do Splita). Mama i ja smo otišle u Split kod očeve sestre Slavke Nikolić. Na brodu ga je dočekala rodica Miljenka i dovela do tete gdje smo ga mi čekale. Mama i teta Slavka su ga na koljenima molile da ne ide u Kaštela i da se ne osvećuje. Na jedvite jade su ga namolile te se on nakon tri dana vratio u Zagreb.

Kao sin “narodnog neprijatelja” on je prošao svoj Križni put. O toj Kalvariji ćete čitati kasnije.

Svijet nije crno – bijel. Niti je samo jedna strana dobra a druga loša. Za vrijeme rata svašta se događa. Tako je bilo i u tom ratu.

U Kaštelima smo nastavili živjeti kako smo mogli. Našu tugu čuvali smo u sebi kao i mnogi drugi. Naučili smo se na ratne uvjete. Pa, već su prošli Talijani, pa partizani a sad su svoja pravila uveli Nijemci i ustaše. Prijatelji nam pokušavaju biti pri ruci a neki okreću glavu od nas ako već ne mogu izbjeći susret na ulici. Tako je i s drugim obiteljima čija je sudbina slična našoj. Najodaniji našoj obitelji nepokolebivo je ostao Ante Danilo sa svojom obitelji. Pomagao nam je kad je bilo najpotrebnije, kad su se drugi iz straha ustručavali. Nikad im to nećemo zaboraviti.

Deja vu

Veljača 1944. godine, jedan sat po ponoći. Mrkla noć. Cijelo selo spava. Odjednom lupa na ulaznim vratima i povici:“Otvaraj!”

Iz kreveta skačemo kao u bunilu. Nije li to noćna mora? To se već dogodilo, nemoguće je da je ovo istina. Ovo mora da je ružan san.“Otvorite vrata!”

Vika i udarci ne prestaju. Brzo se razbuđujemo. Svi – mama, Mande, Mira i ja – trčimo do vrata. Mama je otvorila samo prozorčić na vratima. A pred njima, s puškama stoje dvojica ustaša a iza njih dva njemačka vojnika. Slična situacija kao prije nekoliko mjesec. Samo su odore druge. Žele ući.

“Što hoćete?”“Moramo pretražiti kuću. Imamo dojavu da unutra skrivate obitelji komunista.”

Mama se odlučno, kako ona zna, ustobočila na vratima rukama naslonjenih na bokove.

“Neću otvoriti. Tako su mi došli partizani i odveli muža. Nikad ga nisam više vidjela. Možete ući samo silom. Ako ne vjerujete meni, idite Načelniku općine i pitajte ga je li ovo istina. Mislite li da bi mogla štititi te komuniste nakon onog što su nama učinili?”

Oni prijeteći skinu puške s ramena. Malo ih je zatekla situacija. Nisu naučili da im se netko suprotstavi.“Možete me ubiti. Drugačije nećete ući”, – nije se mama dala smesti.

Ona dvojica ustaša se pogledaju. Ovakav nastup civila prema njima nije im bio uobičajen. To ih je potaklo da provjere priču. Jedan od njih ode do načelnika (tada je to bio Ante Škarica-Živkov). Brzo se vratio, jer Škaricina kuća nije bila daleko od naše.

“Istina je što je rekla. Muža su joj ubili partizani.”To im je bilo dovoljno. Uz ispriku su se povukli. Ali su na odlasku rekli:

“Prijavio vas je netko iz sela.”

Naravno da je potkazivač mogao biti samo netko domaći. Od kuda bi oni, došljaci, to mogli znati? U selu se dobro znalo tko je s kim kakav i tko kome pomaže.Na tome je završila ta epizoda. A mogla je i drugačije.

Naime, na zadnjem, trećem katu naše kuće zaista su bili oni koje su tražili. Kako smo se mi kod prijatelja skrivali nakon ubojstva oca, tako su sad, dolaskom nove vojske, u opasnosti bili neki drugi.

Skrivajući se od nove vlasti kod nas su spavale: Marija Jurčev-Šejo i njena dva sina dok joj je muž Ante bio u partizanima te Marija Kuzmanić-Gvozden sa sinovima Vinkom i Petrom čiji je brat Frane također bio u partizanima. Obje su bile aktivistice AFŽ – a, ali našoj mami, unatoč svemu, to nije smetalo. Nije zaboravila da su nam to prvenstveno prijatelji kojima treba pomoći.

Kćer likvidiranog narodnog neprijatelja

Partizani su se ponovo vratili 1944. godine. Ovaj put za dugo. Dogodilo se ono što moja majka nikad nije nazvala drugačije nego: prevrat. Taj isti događaj desetljećima se službeno slavio kao “oslobođenje”.

Kao i mnoge druge, tako su i nas srednjoškolke pokupili i poslali na razne poslove. Meni je dopala vojna bolnica VIII korpusa koju su smjestili u zgradu Splitskog Sjemeništa. I tako sam postala kvazibolničarka.

Zajedno s još jednom djevojkom, dobila sam jednu sobu u kojoj smo skrbile o ranjenim borcima. Dovozili su ih iz Knina, Drniša i tko zna od kuda sve. Borbe su još trajale. Iskreno govoreći, nisam u tome bila baš uspješna. Nije da nisam htjela. Jednostavno, nisam znala.

Među grupom ranjenih koji su ležali u toj mojoj sobi bio je i naš, kaštelanski mesar Vinko Mamić poznatiji kao Škoto. Jednog dana dovezli su novu grupu ranjenika a među njima i sirotinju iz bliskog susjedstva, Antu Žanića-Ivanurića. Čim me je Ante ugledao odmah je počeo galamiti.

“Što radi ovdje ova,” – pokazao je na mene – “to je kćer likvidiranog narodnog neprijatelja! Neće ona o nama brinuti.”

Tad se Škoto podigne s kreveta.“Umukni Ante, sram te bilo!” – podviknuo je ljutito – “Brzo si zaboravio što je Studina kuća učinila dobro tvome ocu i svima vama. Ili umukni ili izlazi iz ove sobe.”

Na njegovu stranu, u moju obranu, stao je još jedan ranjenik, crnogorski partizan.U tom trenutku, kao da je znao, ušao je Milan Martinac. Došao je vidjeti kako mi je. On je također u ležao u bolnici jer je bio ranjen u ruku.

Kad je čuo što se događa, bez puno buke je Antu izbacio iz sobe i zabranio mu da se tamo više pojavi.Uskoro je završila i moja, ne baš uspješna karijera, bolničarke. Netko se pametno sjetio da je bolje da nas puste ponovo ići u školu.

Čekanje se isplati(lo)

Poraće je. Prošla je, i našu obitelj dobro zahvatila, prvo konfiskacija pa nacionalizacija. Što se moglo? Sila Boga ne moli.

Mi, moje sestre, brat i ja poženili smo se i poudavale. Najstarija Neda je s mužem Francom Bisiakom otišla u Italiju. Mira se udala za Mirka Slade-Šilovića i živjela u Trogiru. Ja sam se udala za Juru Ratkovića. I obitelji naših muževa imali su svoje Kalvarije, ali sad neću o tome. Jure i ja smo također stanovali u Trogiru. Drago je sa suprugom Tatjanom ostao živjeti još neko vrijeme s mamom u obiteljskoj kući.

Kevina jama i ono što se na njoj događalo zabranjena su tema. Jedino obitelji žrtava pamte i o njoj potiho govore. I stalno se pitaju: zašto?

Najvjerojatniji odgovor na to stalno “Zašto?” saznali smo zahvaljujući jednom pravom Trogiraninu, sada pokojnom. Zvao se Vinko. Prezime mu neću spominjati iz jednostavnog razloga. On se smatrao djelomičnim uzročnikom naše tragedije, iako zaista nije bio ni za što kriv.

Već sam rekla da smo živjeli u Trogiru. Jednog dana, negdje krajem, pedesetih godina, na Mostu od Travarice zaustavi me znanac, Vinko. Kasnije sam saznala da je tako pristupio i Miri.

Prve riječi koje je izustio bile su:“I ja snosim odgovornost za smrt vašeg oca.”

Zapanjeno sam ga pogledala. Jedino sam uspjela izustiti:“Kako?”

Mala digresija; moram se kratko vratiti u prošlost. Nakon izbora 1939. godine u našoj općini na vlast je došao HSS. Naš pape je, kao istaknuti član stranke, izabran na mjesto odbornika.

Sad nastavljam Vinkovu priču:“Održavala se sjednica općinskog vijeća na kojoj je trebalo razmotriti molbu Josipa-Bepa Babina za mjesto nadglednika ceste i vodovoda za područje Kaštel Novi – Trogir. Taj sam posao ja radio već neko vrijeme. Bio sam oženjen i imao troje djece. Babin je bio neoženjen i već imao posao u vojnoj bazi Divulje kao civil.”

Otac je taj dan bio u Splitu po poslu. Po povratku, kod zgrade općine zaustavio ga je općinski poslužitelj s porukom da odmah dođe u općinu na sastanak.

Kad je na dnevni red došla Babinova molba, otac se usprotivio.“Nemam ništa protiv Bepa, ali on je sam i ima posao a Vinko će ostati s djecom na ulici.”

Na glasovanju je pobijedio očev prijedlog većinom glasova. Bepov otac, također vijećnik, ostao je u manjini i ja sam zadržao mjesto.”

Zastao je na trenutak, kao da ne može doći do daha. Ja sam šutjela i čekala nastavak potpuno obuzeta pričom koju sam slušala.

Rezultate glasovanja njih dvojica, Bepo i Vinko, čekali su vani, ispred općine. Kada je čuo odluku i kao je do nje došlo, Babin je viknuo našem ocu:

“Vlade, Vlade, platit ćeš mi za ovo, kad – tad.”

“Eto,” – završio je Vinko svoju ispovijed – “sad znate da je sve to počelo radi mene. Ja sam kriv radi zle krvi između njih.”

Još uvijek u šoku zahvalila sam mu na njegovo iskazu. Sad mi je jasnije mnogo toga. Rekla sam mu da on nikako ne može biti kriv za ono što se godinama poslije toga dogodilo i da mu savjest može biti potpuno mirna.

Bol za ocem nikad nije prestala. Kriomice smo odlazili na Kevinu jamu pomoliti se i staviti cvijeće. Tako smo si stvarali iluziju da je to pravi grob.

Zašto kriomice? Zato jer je milicija budno pazila da se tamo nitko ne mota osim onih koji bi došli baciti smeće ili lešine uginulih životinja. Cvijeće ili bilo koji drugi znak našeg dolaska revno bi uklanjali. Vojska i bolnice su svoj otpad bacale u jamu sve u nadi da će je ako ne zatrpati onda bar pokriti dno i ono što se na njemu nalazilo.

Ne dirajte smetlište – možda će nam opet trebati

Djeca su nam rasla pa su i oni počeli hodočastiti na to smetlište, u što se jama polako pretvarala.

Kako je vrijeme odmicalo tamo se išlo sve manje potajice, sve je više bilo cvijeća i svijeća. To je lokalnom SUBNOR – u bilo kao crvena krpa pred bika. Netko od njihovih aktivista je imao zadatak redovitog obilaska jame i uklanjanja svega onog što bi obitelji ostavile.

Na službenoj razini su padale razne ideje što napraviti s jamom: zatrpati je, čvrsto je ograditi ili otvor zaliti betonom. A sve u ime tobožnje zaštite stanovnika. Kao da u jamu svaka dva-tri dana neko nepažnjom upadne, pa se to mora svakako riješiti.

O tome se posebno govorilo na svečanosti otvaranja asfaltirane ceste Kaštela – Lečevica. To je bilo sedamdesetih godina, malo iza sloma Hrvatskog proljeća, za vrijeme progona onog što su oni zvali “hrvatski nacionalizam”. U ime boraca NOB-a široku raspravu presjekao je Ante Kapetanović iz Kaštel Starog. Sukladno svom starom antifašističkom i humanističkom opredjeljenju, po iskazu tamo nazočnog Mate Lazića iz Kaštel Novog, javno je obznanio:

“Ništa od toga se neće učiniti. Neka ostane kakva jest. Možda će nam opet trebati!”

Stare navike teško umiru.

Brat Drago je 1954. godine, s nekoliko svojih prijatelja speleologa iz Splita, potajice organizirao spuštanje u jamu sve u nadi da će pronaći i izvući očeve ostatke. Duboko je vjerovao, točnije rečeno nadao se, da će ga moći identificirati po zubalu.

U svojoj nakani nije uspio. Nije pronašao očeve ostatke ali su zato pronašli puno ljudskih kostiju i lubanja. Neki kosturi su bili čitavi, izmaknuti na stranu, što je dalo naslutiti da su neki od žrtava ubačeni živi.

U jami su, osim kostiju, pronašli dijelove odora: značke, kopče za remene i sl. uglavnom oznake talijanske vojske. Tako se potvrdilo i konačno odredište onih zarobljenih Talijana koji su, navodno, prevezeni u Šibenik.

Speleolozi planinarskog društva Mosor 1985. godine istraživali su Kevinu jamu. Predsjednik društva Goran Gabrić kasnije je izjavio:

“Između 15 do 20 jama za koje znamo da postoje u okolici Splita, Kevina jama zaista je najveća i u njoj se nalazi najviše ljudskih kostiju, iz čega je očito da su tu masovno bacani ljudi. I u drugim nalazili smo ljudske kosture ali nigdje tako mnogo.”

U istom tekstu Gabrić na upit o mogućoj procjeni broja ubačenih ljudi odgovara:

“Procjena se može od kretati više stotina ljudi do nekoliko tisuća. Kažem, velika hrpa smeća zasad skriva podatke.”

A slavni partizani navedeni u ovom tekstu?

Često su ti krvnici, za života, prolazili ispred naše kuće. Uvijek pognutih glava.

Ime moga oca bilo je godinama zabranjeno. Jedini način da se njegovo ime bar nekako pojavi u javnosti je bio neuobičajen.

Kad je 1981. godine umrla naša majka Katica na osmrtnici je pisalo: Katica Stude udova VLADIMIRA rođ. Poparić. Ona je sama za života sastavila svoju osmrtnicu. A na njenom lijesu, po njenoj želji, uz Branimirov križ, bio je veliki hrvatski grb izrađen od cvijeća.

Mir dušama njegovim

Došlo je vrijeme da se napokon oko jame nešto učini. Nešto što će je trajno obilježiti kao mjesto stradanja nevinih. U euforiji osamostaljivanja Hrvatske puno se je obećavalo, mnogi su se zaklinjali da će stvari oko jame rasvijetliti, da će je na neki način obilježiti, ali sve je stalo. Ograđena običnom žicom, ni po čemu se nije moglo zaključiti što nama i mnogim drugima predstavlja. Razumljivo je. Hrvatska nam je napadnuta, krvavi rat je trajao, važnije stvari su se radile.

No, ja ipak nisam htjela više čekati i odlučila sam nešto ozbiljno poduzeti. Namjera mi je bila da se to stratište dostojno, makar skromno, obilježi, kao podsjetnik na mrtve i upozorenje živima.

U razgovoru s predsjednikom Općine te drugim bitnim čimbenicima u Kaštelima dogovorili smo se što i kako poduzeti. Iako sam, a ne samo ja, neopisivo željela da se Kevina jama obilježi, nisam od toga htjela napraviti predstavu.

Kako sam znala da se priprema sjednica Poglavarstva, na tu sam im temu poslala pismo, nastojeći unaprijed ograničiti ambicije nekih koji bi mogli to iskoristiti u vlastitu promociju. Tekst pisma naslovljenog na Gradsko poglavarstvo Grada Kaštela donosim u cijelosti:

“Ove godine, u rujnu mjesecu, navršava se 50 godina (1943 – 1993) tragedije znanih i neznanih žrtava Kevine jame u Radošiću.

Zahvaljujući prijedlogu i inicijativi g. Veselka Andromaka, ondašnjeg predsjednika općine Kaštela, koncem 1992. g. Prihvaćeno je od općine Splita, Solina, Trogira i Kaštela da se to mjesto, dostojno njegova značenja, obilježi.

Međutim, mi potomci stradalnika shvaćamo našu domovinsku ratnu situaciju i besparicu, a u želji da se to do 25. rujna obilježi, molimo gornji naslov da to učini skromno, s jednim kamenim križem, toliko da se napokon ukaže na tu jamu kao grobnicu.

Sutra kad naša domovina bude slobodna, kada rat završi, može se razmišljati o podizanju kapelice, kao što je predlagano. Nadamo se da ćete našu molbu na vašoj prvoj sjednici razmotriti i sprovesti u djelo.

U ime potomaka žrtava Kevine jame i znanih i neznanih, ostajem sa štovanjem.”

Jama je postala grob

Na sjednici održanoj 15. lipnja 1993. godine Gradsko poglavarstvo donijelo je Zaključak o obilježavanju spomena na žrtve Kevine jame te imenovalo Inicijativni odbor u koji su i mene uključili. Odbor je odmah dobio zadaću da što prije pripremi prijedlog za uređenje okoliša, postavljanje spomen – obilježja i organizaciju spomena.

Napravljeni su nacrti, dobivene dozvole i zemljište. Naime, zemljište oko jame dijelom je bilo upisano kao “Općenarodna imovina pod upravom Mjesnog narodnog odbora Radošić” a dijelom kao privatno vlasništvo.

Projektom je predviđeno da se napravi suhozid od grubog neobrađenog kamena, onakav kakvima se ograđuju polja, te vrata na njemu. Zid bi, u obliku nepravilne kružnice okruživao otvor jame. Napravit će se i nekoliko stepenica, da se olakša prilaz samom otvoru. S vanjske strane, između suhozida i ceste postavit će se kamena gromada s natpisom KEVINA JAMA.

Križ od klesanog kamena postavit će se na živom kamenu kao prirodnom postolju s natpisom:

                                          1943 – 1993

                                                                        POKOJ VJEČNI

                                                                  DARUJ NJIMA GOSPODINE

Glavninu financijskih sredstava osiguralo je Gradsko poglavarstvo Grada Kaštela. Znatnu pomoć u tome pružili su Zračna luka Split, Rasadnici Jadro te udruge “Lijepa naša” i “Bijaći”.

Dana 25. rujna 1993. godine, na pedesetu godišnjicu ubojstva našeg oca, održana je Sv. misa na platou pokraj jame. Toga dana smo u novine dali slijedeće sjećanje:


Komentari

36 komentara na “Lili Benčik odgovara Milanu Kesiću i donosi mu potresno svjedočanstvo partizansko jugoslavenskih zločina”

  1. Uredništvo OTPORAŠA!
    Nisam li ja Milan Kesić, kojemu je posvećen ovaj uradak Lili Benčik, najmjerodavniji da ostavim komentar?
    Jesam!
    Jučer sam ga poslao, ali niste ga objavili!?
    Zašto?
    To nije u skladu etike i morala novinarske profesije.
    Ako ne objavite moj komentar, taj Vaš OTPORAŠ je obično žutilo i ništavilo.
    Nadam se da će Vam proraditi novinarski nerv, poštenje, objektivnost i pravo na demokratsko iznošenje mišljenja, čak i sa kojima se ne slažete.

  2. Jedini način kako je gđa Benčik doznala da je moj otac poginuo 1943. kao PARTIZAN je da je ušla u moj blog: http://www.mariscina.blogspot.com,
    u spot: POŠTOVANA GOSPODO GRBAVCI PRVOG, DRUGOG I TREĆEG EŠALONA MULJANJA SMEĆEM, SKINITE SE SA VAŠIH “MIRISA” I
    PRIZNAJTE KONAČNO: KRIVI SMO! ”
    Citat iz toga spota:
    “Da me ne bi GRBAVCI sada ganjali i nagazivali, plačući im poručujem: PA JA SAM IPAK DIJETE (sada, 2018., već STARAC sa DVIJE SEDMICE na grbači)
    PALOG BORCA, IMAJTE MILOSTI I EMPATIJE!
    Danas, 30.9.18., bio sam u mome Bakru, gradiću moje mladosti, da fotkam SPOMEN PLOČU na ulazu u Pomorsku školu – Nautiku.
    Jebi ga, DESNICA sve više divlja, pa bi i ta PLOČA mogla nestati ili biti oskrvnuta.
    (šteta što ne mogu prikazati SPOMEN PLOČU, ali koga zanima neka sa copy paste prebaci na web stranicu: http://www.mariscina.blogspot.com i
    neka ide na prije navedeni spot)
    Duboke riječi na SPOMEN PLOČI, koje je A. B. Šimić sažeo u: ČOVJEČE, PAZI DA NE IDEŠ MALEN ISPOD ZVIJEZDA:
    Opomena
    Čovječe pazi da ne ideš malen ispod zvijezda!
    Pusti da cijelog tebe prođe blaga svjetlost zvijezda!
    Da ni za čim ne žališ kad se budeš zadnjim pogledima rastajo od zvijezda!
    Na svom koncu mjesto u prah prijeđi sav u zvijezde!

    Na PLOČI su upisana imena ŠEZDESET I JEDNOG poginulog borca u NOB-u, svi učenici i profesori Nautike.
    Tu je i moj otac Milan Kesić, prof., dipl.ing., poginuo 1943. (imao sam godinu dana).
    Grupa PARTIZANSKIH boraca plovila je čamcem prema Lošinju, presreo ih je njemački patrolni brod i izrešetao mitraljezom.
    Ne zna im se ni za kosti, a još manje za grob.”
    _______________________________________________________________________________
    Gospođa Lili Benčik se ne bi trebala poigravati sa ovakvim tragičnim i emotivnim temama, a još manje pljuvati po PARTIZANIMA i ANTIFAŠIZMU.
    Nije li nam već dosta naše iskonske i najdraže podjele na USTAŠE i PARTIZANE?
    Nema li danas ozbiljnijih, aktualnijih i opasnijih tema i problema?
    Još nam trebaju samo PARTIZANI i USTAŠE.

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  9. ## Understanding the Importance of Link Building

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    ## Categories of Links

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    Manual links require deliberately acquiring links from other
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    Broken link fixing is a strategy that entails finding broken links
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    ### Social Platforms

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    ## Assessing the Success of Your Link Building Efforts

    ### Tools for Link Analysis

    Many tools are available to assist you assess the
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    – Moz
    – SEMrush’s Backlink Audit
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    ### Metrics to Monitor

    When measuring the success of your link building efforts, consider the upcoming indicators:

    – DA
    – PA
    – Number of backlink sources
    – Relevance of backlinks
    – Traffic generated from hyperlinks

    ### Tweaking Your Plan

    According to the information gathered from your analysis, adjust your link building strategy to improve its performance.
    This could involve emphasizing various kinds of posts, aiming at
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    ## Frequent Pitfalls in Link Building and How to Overcome
    Them

    ### Low-Quality Links

    One of the typical pitfalls is acquiring low-quality links from irrelevant or low-authority pages.

    Such backlinks can hurt your webpage’s search engine ranking.

    ### Over-Optimization

    Employing over-optimized anchor text too often can result
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    ### Ignoring Nofollow Tags

    Even though nofollow attributes don’t convey search engine
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    ## Future Developments in Link Building

    ### AI and Hyperlink Strategy

    With the progress of artificial intelligence, link building strategies are becoming more sophisticated.

    AI tools can assist in finding high-quality link opportunities and predicting their effect on search engine ranking.

    ### Voice Search and SEO

    The increase of voice-activated search will be transforming the manner data is consumed.

    This will affect backlink acquisition by changing the focus to natural queries and detailed
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    ## Summary

    Efficient link building is a vital part of website optimization. By grasping the significance of reputable links, applying different methods, and
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  11. ## Grasping the Significance of Link Building

    Link building involves obtaining backlinks from other sites to your own. Those backlinks are considered votes of confidence by search engines.
    The more reputable hyperlinks you have, the higher your
    site’s likelihood of appearing more prominently on SERPs.

    ## Types of Links

    ### Natural Links

    Natural links are obtained without requiring effort
    from the website owner. These links appear when other sites see your posts useful and cite it.

    ### Manual Links

    Outreach links include deliberately requesting
    links from other webmasters. This can include contacting website
    owners, asking for hyperlinks to your articles.

    ### Self-Created Links

    Self-Created links are created by placing your site’s link to blog comments.
    While these links may provide a immediate improvement, they
    frequently have poor value and can result in sanctions
    from search engines.

    ## Successful Link Building Methods

    ### Content Creation & Marketing

    Creating valuable content that naturally gains links is a
    fundamental method for successful link building.
    Here are some tips:

    – Develop high-quality articles that solve typical problems in your industry.

    – Develop visuals that display intricate information in an simple way.

    – Create extensive tutorials on subjects that are valuable to your audience.

    ### Guest Posting

    Guest blogging is an additional effective way to acquire
    authoritative hyperlinks. This involves producing articles for other blogs in your field.
    Be certain that your guest blogs are of top quality and have a hyperlink to your site.

    ### Broken Link Building

    Broken link fixing is a strategy that entails discovering broken links on other websites and proposing your content as a substitute.
    This doesn’t just helps the site owner repair their broken link but additionally provides you a authoritative hyperlink.

    ### Contact and Relationship Building

    Building networks with other influencers in your industry is a enduring technique for link building.
    Below are some actions to take:

    – Engage in online communities about your niche.
    – Promote other users’ content and give constructive comments.

    – Partner on shared projects such as webinars.

    ### Social Platforms

    Sharing your articles on social media can enhance its
    exposure and potential to get backlinks. Participate
    with your community on networks like Twitter and Instagram
    to create a strong online presence.

    ## Measuring the Performance of Your Link Building Campaign

    ### Applications for Link Analysis

    Many applications are out there to assist you assess the
    success of your link building strategy. Some popular tools such as:

    – GA
    – Ahrefs
    – Moz Pro
    – SEMrush’s Tools
    – Majestic

    ### Indicators to Monitor

    When assessing the effectiveness of your link building
    campaign, take into account the upcoming indicators:

    – Domain Authority
    – Page Rating
    – Quantity of linking domains
    – Quality of backlinks
    – Hits referred by backlinks

    ### Adjusting Your Approach

    Based on the information obtained from your analysis, tweak your link building approach to enhance its performance.
    This might involve emphasizing different categories of content, targeting different sites, or updating your contact method.

    ## Frequent Mistakes in Link Building and How to Avoid Them

    ### Poor Links

    One major common mistakes is get bad links from unrelated or dubious
    websites. Such backlinks may harm your site’s online presence.

    ### Too Much Optimization

    Utilizing keyword-rich link text excessively can lead to
    penalties from Bing. Strive for a balanced variety of link text.

    ### Overlooking Nofollow Tags

    While nofollow links don’t transfer SEO value, they may nonetheless bring
    visitors and build brand awareness.

    ## Upcoming Changes in Link Building

    ### AI and Link Building

    As the evolution of machine learning, link building
    methods are becoming more sophisticated. Machine learning applications can assist in finding relevant hyperlink prospects and forecasting
    their effect on SEO.

    ### Voice Queries and Link Building

    The rise of voice-activated search will be transforming the manner information is retrieved.

    This is likely to impact hyperlink strategies by shifting the
    focus to natural language and detailed queries.

    ## Conclusion

    Effective link building is a essential part of SEO. By grasping the importance of reputable hyperlinks, implementing diverse methods,
    and constantly monitoring your campaigns,
    you will boost your site’s ranking and reach higher positions on Google.

    By staying updated with the most recent changes and overcoming common mistakes, you
    can move through the constantly evolving landscape of search engine optimization and attain long-term performance.

  12. ## Understanding the Importance of Link Building

    Link building entails getting hyperlinks from other webpages to your own. These links are seen as approvals of
    trust by Bing. The more high-quality links you possess, the higher your site’s chances of appearing more prominently on search engine results pages.

    ## Categories of Backlinks

    ### Editorial Links

    Editorial links are earned without work from the site
    owner. These links appear when other sites see your articles relevant and link
    to it.

    ### Manual Links

    Manual links include actively requesting links from other websites.

    This can entail contacting bloggers, soliciting backlinks to your articles.

    ### Self-Made Links

    Self-Made links are created by inserting your website’s link to blog comments.
    While these links might offer a immediate boost, they frequently have limited value and can result in penalties from Bing.

    ## Efficient Link Building Techniques

    ### Post Creation & Distribution

    Creating valuable posts that automatically gains links is a fundamental technique
    for effective link building. Here are some suggestions:

    – Create informative articles that answer frequent questions in your industry.

    – Design visuals that display intricate information in an digestible way.

    – Create extensive guides on areas that are relevant to your audience.

    ### Guest Blogging

    Guest blogging is an additional successful strategy to acquire high-quality hyperlinks.
    This involves creating posts for other websites in your industry.
    Be certain that your guest blogs are high-quality and include a link to your website.

    ### Broken Link Repairing

    Broken link fixing is a technique that includes locating broken links on other pages and proposing your site as a substitute.
    This does more than aids the webmaster fix their broken link but further provides you a high-quality link.

    ### Connecting and Collaboration

    Building connections with other influencers in your field is a enduring method for link building.
    Listed below are some steps to take:

    – Engage in forums about your field.
    – Distribute other users’ articles and offer useful input.

    – Partner on joint projects such as research studies.

    ### Social Platforms

    Sharing your posts on social networks can boost its exposure and likelihood to get links.
    Participate with your followers on networks like Twitter and Reddit to create a robust digital footprint.

    ## Assessing the Effectiveness of Your Link Building Efforts

    ### Applications for Link Analysis

    Several software are out there to aid you measure the effectiveness of your link building
    strategy. Some popular applications include:

    – GA
    – Ahrefs
    – Moz
    – SEMrush’s Backlink Audit
    – Majestic

    ### Metrics to Monitor

    When evaluating the performance of your link building strategy,
    look at the upcoming measures:

    – DA
    – PA
    – Number of referring domains
    – Authority of links
    – Hits referred by links

    ### Tweaking Your Plan

    According to the data collected from your assessment, tweak
    your link building strategy to boost its performance. This
    could involve focusing on other kinds of posts, focusing on other sites, or updating your outreach strategy.

    ## Typical Pitfalls in Link Building and How to Prevent Them

    ### Poor Links

    Among the frequent errors is obtaining low-quality links from non-relevant or dubious websites.
    These backlinks may harm your website’s SEO.

    ### Over-Optimization

    Utilizing exact-match anchor text too often can result in penalties from search engines.
    Strive for a natural variety of hyperlink text.

    ### Ignoring Nofollow Attributes

    While nofollow tags don’t convey search engine authority, they might nonetheless drive traffic and enhance
    visibility.

    ## Upcoming Changes in Link Building

    ### AI and Backlink Acquisition

    Due to the progress of AI, link building techniques are turning more advanced.
    Artificial intelligence tools can assist in finding
    valuable backlink sources and predicting their effect on search engine ranking.

    ### Voice-Activated Search and Backlinks

    The growth of voice queries will be transforming the way data is consumed.
    This will influence hyperlink strategies by shifting emphasis to spoken queries and long-tail queries.

    ## Final Thoughts

    Effective link building is a crucial part of website optimization. By grasping the value of high-quality hyperlinks, applying various techniques,
    and regularly monitoring your efforts, you can boost your website’s
    credibility and reach greater positions on Bing.

    By staying current with the newest changes and
    preventing common errors, you can navigate the ever-changing world of search engine optimization and
    reach sustainable results.

  13. ## Grasping the Value of Link Building

    Link building involves obtaining hyperlinks from other webpages to your own. Those backlinks are seen as
    approvals of confidence by Bing. The more authoritative links you get,
    the higher your site’s likelihood of appearing better on search results.

    ## Types of Backlinks

    ### Natural Links

    Editorial links are acquired without any actions from the website owner.

    These links appear when other websites see your content
    valuable and cite it.

    ### Manual Links

    Manual links include proactively seeking links from other sites.
    This can include contacting bloggers, soliciting links to your
    articles.

    ### Self-Created Links

    User-Generated links are built by adding your site’s link
    to blog comments. Even though these links might give a quick boost, they often have poor quality and can lead to penalties from search engines.

    ## Effective Link Building Strategies

    ### Post Creation & Distribution

    Creating relevant articles that automatically gains links is a basic method for successful link building.
    Here are some suggestions:

    – Create informative articles that address common problems in your niche.

    – Create infographics that display detailed information in an digestible manner.

    – Write comprehensive tutorials on topics that are thought to be valuable to your
    audience.

    ### Guest Articles

    Guest blogging is another efficient strategy to create high-quality links.
    This involves creating posts for other blogs in your field.
    Be certain that your guest blogs are high-quality and
    include a hyperlink to your page.

    ### Broken Link Fixing

    Broken link building is a technique that involves locating broken links
    on other sites and suggesting your site as a alternative.
    This does more than aids the webmaster fix their broken link but also gives you a high-quality
    hyperlink.

    ### Contact and Networking

    Building relationships with other webmasters in your field is a enduring method for link building.
    Below are some steps to consider:

    – Get involved in online communities pertaining to your field.

    – Distribute other individuals’ articles and provide useful
    comments.
    – Collaborate on joint efforts such as webinars.

    ### Social Platforms

    Distributing your posts on social networks can boost its reach and potential to earn backlinks.

    Engage with your followers on sites like LinkedIn and Reddit to
    build a solid digital footprint.

    ## Assessing the Effectiveness of Your Link Building Efforts

    ### Tools for Link Analysis

    Several applications are out there to assist you measure the performance of your link building campaign. Some well-known applications include:

    – Google’s Analytics
    – Ahrefs’ SEO Tools
    – Moz Pro
    – SEMrush’s Tools
    – Majestic

    ### Metrics to Track

    When assessing the performance of your link building campaign, look at the upcoming metrics:

    – Domain Authority
    – Page Rating
    – Number of linking domains
    – Authority of links
    – Hits referred by hyperlinks

    ### Adjusting Your Approach

    Depending on the results gathered from your analysis, modify your link building strategy to improve its effectiveness.
    This could entail emphasizing different kinds of articles, aiming at different
    platforms, or updating your communication approach.

    ## Common Errors in Link Building and How to Overcome Them

    ### Bad Links

    Among the typical mistakes is get poor links from non-relevant or spammy websites.
    Those backlinks might damage your webpage’s online presence.

    ### Too Much Optimization

    Using over-optimized hyperlink text excessively can result in sanctions from Google.
    Target a balanced blend of anchor text.

    ### Neglecting Nofollow Attributes

    While nofollow links do not pass search engine authority, they may nonetheless generate hits and build brand awareness.

    ## Future Trends in Link Building

    ### Machine Learning and Link Building

    With the advancement of machine learning, link building methods are getting more advanced.
    AI software can assist in finding valuable backlink
    sources and predicting their impact on site authority.

    ### Voice Search and SEO

    The rise of voice queries will be altering
    the way information is consumed. This is likely to affect hyperlink strategies by
    changing the focus to spoken phrases and specific keywords.

    ## Conclusion

    Effective link building is a essential component of search
    engine optimization. By understanding the importance of high-quality backlinks, using various strategies, and continuously measuring your efforts,
    you are able to enhance your website’s ranking and achieve greater
    rankings on search engines.

    By staying current with the most recent trends and avoiding typical pitfalls, you can move through the constantly evolving world of SEO and attain sustainable performance.

  14. ## Grasping the Value of Link Building

    Link building involves acquiring backlinks from other webpages to your own. Those hyperlinks are
    considered votes of confidence by Bing. The more authoritative hyperlinks you possess, the
    higher your site’s probability of ranking higher on search results.

    ## Categories of Backlinks

    ### Natural Links

    Editorial links are earned without any work from the webmaster.
    These links occur when other websites find your posts relevant and cite
    it.

    ### Solicited Links

    Solicited links include proactively acquiring links from other webmasters.
    This can involve emailing bloggers, requesting backlinks to your content.

    ### Self-Made Links

    User-Generated links are built by inserting your
    site’s link to forums. While these links might give
    a immediate boost, they often have poor authority and can lead to punishments
    from Google.

    ## Successful Link Building Techniques

    ### Article Creation & Promotion

    Creating relevant articles that naturally attracts links is a fundamental technique for
    efficient link building. Listed below are some suggestions:

    – Write high-quality blog posts that answer frequent issues in your field.

    – Create visuals that present detailed information in an digestible format.

    – Create extensive guides on subjects that are valuable to your visitors.

    ### Guest Blogging

    Guest blogging is a further effective strategy to create authoritative hyperlinks.
    This entails producing posts for other blogs in your field.

    Make sure that your guest articles are of high value and
    have a hyperlink to your page.

    ### Broken Link Repairing

    Broken link building is a method that involves locating broken links on other websites and proposing your content as
    a alternative. This doesn’t just assists the webmaster fix their broken link but further gives you a
    authoritative backlink.

    ### Outreach and Networking

    Building networks with other site owners in your
    field is a sustainable strategy for building links. Listed below are some methods to follow:

    – Engage in discussion boards related to your industry.

    – Share other people’s content and provide valuable input.

    – Work together on shared projects such as ebooks.

    ### Social Networks

    Sharing your articles on social networks can enhance its reach and likelihood to earn backlinks.
    Participate with your community on platforms like Twitter
    and Reddit to develop a solid digital footprint.

    ## Evaluating the Effectiveness of Your Link Building Strategy

    ### Tools for Link Analysis

    Many tools are available to help you assess the effectiveness of your link
    building strategy. Some well-known tools include:

    – Google Analytics
    – Ahrefs’ SEO Tools
    – Moz’s Link Explorer
    – SEMrush’s Backlink Audit
    – Majestic

    ### Measures to Monitor

    When measuring the performance of your link building efforts, consider the upcoming metrics:

    – Domain Rating
    – Page Authority
    – Amount of backlink sources
    – Authority of backlinks
    – Traffic generated from backlinks

    ### Adjusting Your Approach

    Depending on the data collected from your evaluation, modify your
    link building approach to boost its success. It might entail
    focusing on various types of content, targeting new websites, or refining your contact strategy.

    ## Frequent Errors in Link Building and How to Prevent Them

    ### Bad Links

    One of the typical pitfalls is acquiring low-quality links from
    unrelated or spammy sites. These backlinks might harm your webpage’s SEO.

    ### Excessive Optimization

    Using exact-match anchor text excessively can result in punishments from
    Google. Aim for a natural mix of anchor text.

    ### Ignoring Nofollow Attributes

    While nofollow tags aren’t convey search engine juice, they may nonetheless bring hits and improve brand awareness.

    ## Emerging Developments in Link Building

    ### Machine Learning and Hyperlink Strategy

    With the advancement of AI, link building methods are turning more sophisticated.
    Artificial intelligence software can assist in identifying high-quality link opportunities and forecasting their impact on search engine
    ranking.

    ### Voice Queries and Backlinks

    The growth of voice search has been altering the way content is consumed.
    This is likely to impact link building by altering importance to spoken phrases and specific search terms.

    ## Summary

    Successful link building is a essential part of search engine optimization. By understanding the importance of high-quality links,
    implementing various strategies, and constantly evaluating your efforts,
    you can boost your webpage’s ranking and attain higher results on search engines.

    By keeping current with the most recent developments and overcoming typical
    pitfalls, you can navigate the ever-changing landscape of search
    engine optimization and attain sustainable performance.

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  26. Music sheets and scores act as the guide for musicians.

    Music scores and scores are used to translate musical
    thoughts into a translatable format.

    Elements of Music Sheets and Scores
    1. **Musical staff:** A framework of lines and spaces used to notate musical pitches.

    2. **Signs:** Indicators of the pitch of the notes written on the
    staff.
    3. **Tones:** The symbols used to indicate the pitch and
    duration of sounds in music.
    4. **Pauses:** Symbols indicating silence in music.

    5. **Time Signature:** Indicates the metric structure
    of a piece.
    6. **Tonality:** Specifies the scale in which the piece is written.
    7. **Dynamics:** Indications of the volume of the music.
    8. **Phrasing:** Symbols showing the manner of performance of notes.

    9. **Tempo:** The speed at which the piece should be performed.

    10. **Ornaments:** Symbols showing extra notes for decorative purposes.

    Reading Music Sheets and Scores
    Comprehending music sheets and scores necessitates knowledge of the various parts
    and notations used.

    Benefits of Learning to Read Music Sheets and Scores
    1. **Deeper Comprehension:** Improved knowledge of music sheets leads to a better grasp of music theory.

    2. **Increased Versatility:** Greater flexibility in playing different genres and styles is achieved
    by reading music.
    3. **Enhanced Collaboration:** Musicians who read music can collaborate more effectively.

    4. **Archiving:** Written music preserves compositions for future generations.

    5. **Satisfaction:** Learning to read music can be a deeply fulfilling and rewarding experience.

    Tips for Beginners
    1. **Start Simple:** Keep it simple in the beginning
    to build a strong foundation.
    2. **Practice Regularly:** Consistent practice helps reinforce learning.

    3. **Use Resources:** Use tools and aids such as apps, books, and online tutorials.

    4. **Find a Group:** Seek support from others who are
    also learning to read music.
    5. **Be Patient:** Keep trying and don’t give up, even when it gets tough.

    Advanced Techniques
    1. **Instant Interpretation:** The ability to read and play a piece
    of music on the spot without prior preparation.
    2. **Transposition:** The process of changing the
    key of a piece of music.
    3. **Creating Harmonies:** Creating harmonies to complement a
    primary melody.
    4. **Spontaneous Composition:** Creating music spontaneously without prior planning.

    5. **Personal Expression:** Playing written music with personal flair and expressiveness.

    Famous Composers and Their Scores
    1. **Beethoven:** Known for his complex and emotionally powerful compositions.

    2. **W. A. Mozart:** Renowned for his musical brilliance and creativity.

    3. **Bach:** Renowned for his complex and polyphonic music.

    4. **Tchaikovsky:** Known for his ability to convey
    deep emotion through music.
    5. **C. Debussy:** Renowned for his innovative use of harmony
    and texture.

    Digital vs. Traditional Music Scores
    **Pros of Digital Sheets:**
    – Convenience: Convenient for on-the-go use.
    – Alteration: Flexible for altering and adapting.

    – Space: Takes up less physical space.

    **Benefits of Paper Music:**
    – Hands-On: Provides a tangible, hands-on experience.
    – Longevity: Durable and long-lasting.
    – Visual Beauty: Visually appealing.

    The Role of Technology in Music Scores
    Technology has transformed the way we interact with music
    scores.

    **Digital Sheet Music Apps:** Digital sheet music apps provide
    convenient platforms for composing and distributing music.

    **Online Libraries:** Platforms like IMSLP and Mutopia Project offer vast collections of free and public domain sheet music.

    **Interactive Learning Tools:** Interactive learning tools enhance music education.

    Conclusion
    Music sheets and scores are essential to the practice of musical creation.

    Whether you are a novice or have experience, learning how to
    read and use music sheets and scores is beneficial.

    Embrace the process of learning music sheets and scores,
    and discover the creative opportunities that await.

    Music sheets contain a captivating history that spans
    across centuries.

    Early Beginnings
    The initial types of music notation date back to ancient civilizations.

    Ancient Mesopotamians designed rudimentary music notation methods to document their melodies.

    The Greek Contribution
    The Greeks made important advancements to music notation.

    Medieval Innovations
    The medieval period experienced major developments in music
    notation.

    The Renaissance Era
    Renaissance brought a renewal of music, including music notation.

    Baroque and Classical Periods
    During the Baroque periods, music notation evolved further,
    becoming increasingly complex.

    The Romantic Era
    The Romantic period initiated novel dynamic techniques in music notation.

    The Modern Age
    In the 20th century, music notation experienced substantial changes, integrating electronic systems.

    The Digital Revolution
    The advent of computer-based scores revolutionized the
    landscape of music notation.

    Key Milestones in Music Notation History
    1. **Early Marks:** Cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia that documented early music.

    2. **Medieval Notation:** Development of staff lines and notation methods in medieval Europe.

    3. **Baroque Notation:** Evolution of musical scores in the Classical era.

    4. **19th Century:** Increased complexity and detail in Romantic music notation.
    5. **20th Century:** Introduction of graphic scores and
    experimental notation in the 20th century.

    The Role of Music Sheets in Education
    Music sheets serve a important role in music education.

    Notable Composers and Their Contributions
    1. **Johann Sebastian Bach:** Famed for his intricate and precise notation.
    2. **Ludwig van Beethoven:** Advanced the use of expressive
    dynamics in notation.
    3. **W.A. Mozart:** Mastered the Classical style of clear and elegant notation.
    4. **Frédéric Chopin:** Expanded the use of expressive notations for piano
    music.
    5. **I. Stravinsky:** Revolutionized 20th-century notation with his complex scores.

    Evolution of Music Sheets in the Digital Age
    The modern era has significantly changed the way we interact with music sheets.

    Future of Music Sheets
    The next era of music sheets promises innovative developments.

    As technology proceeds to advance, in parallel will the methods
    artists use to create and distribute music sheets.

    Conclusion
    The journey of music sheets holds depth, reflecting the progress of music itself.

    From ancient symbols to electronic sheets, music sheets have been a fundamental medium for recording and transmitting musical ideas.

    As we move forward, the legacy of music sheets shall endure,
    evolving with future advancements.}
    Music sheets represent a captivating history that extends across
    millennia.

    Early Beginnings
    The initial forms of music notation date back to early societies.

    The ancient Egyptians created rudimentary music notation systems to record their rituals.

    The Greek Contribution
    Ancient Greece made important contributions to music notation.

    Medieval Innovations
    The Middle Ages saw substantial advances in music notation.

    The Renaissance Era
    Renaissance period brought a renewal of art, including music notation.

    Baroque and Classical Periods
    During the Baroque and Classical periods, music notation evolved further, becoming increasingly
    complex.

    The Romantic Era
    The Romantic age ushered in innovative expressive methods in music notation.

    The Modern Age
    In the contemporary period, music notation saw substantial changes,
    incorporating electronic systems.

    The Digital Revolution
    The advent of digital music revolutionized the landscape of music notation.

    Key Milestones in Music Notation History
    1. **Ancient Notations:** Cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia that documented early music.

    2. **Staff Lines:** Guido d’Arezzo’s revolutionary contributions to music notation.
    3. **Classical Evolution:** Advancements in notational precision during the Renaissance.

    4. **Expressive Notation:** Incorporation of expressive dynamics and articulations in the Romantic era.

    5. **Modern Notation:** Introduction of graphic scores and experimental
    notation in the 20th century.

    The Role of Music Sheets in Education
    Music sheets play a crucial part in learning music.

    Notable Composers and Their Contributions
    1. **Johann Sebastian Bach:** Known for his
    complex and detailed musical scores.
    2. **L. Beethoven:** Pioneered expressive notations and dynamic
    markings.
    3. **Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:** Perfected the Classical approach to elegant and clear notation.
    4. **Frédéric Chopin:** Innovated in the expressive notation for piano compositions.

    5. **Igor Stravinsky:** Pioneered 20th-century notational innovations.

    Evolution of Music Sheets in the Digital Age
    The modern era has profoundly changed the way we use music
    sheets.

    Future of Music Sheets
    The future of music sheets holds exciting advancements.

    With the evolution of technology, the techniques musicians use to compose and publish music sheets will likewise advance.

    Conclusion
    The history of music sheets is rich, mirroring the evolution of music itself.

    From early marks to digital scores, music sheets have been a vital medium
    for recording and distributing melodies.

    As we move forward, the history of music sheets will persist, changing with technological progress.}
    Learning to read music sheets is essential for every aspiring
    musician. | Mastering how to read music sheets is crucial for any aspiring musician. | Understanding the
    art of reading music sheets is essential for all novice musicians.}

    What Are Music Sheets?
    Music sheets serve as written representations of music notation,
    showing the pitch and pace of a musical composition.

    Getting Started with Music Sheets
    Understanding to read music sheets begins with becoming familiar
    with the basic components of musical notation.

    Understanding Musical Notation
    Musical notation involves several key components, including clefs,
    notes, rhythms, and staff.

    The staff is is the foundation in musical notations.

    In music notation, this staff actually consists of five
    separate flat lines and also four different spaces.

    2. **Clefs
    This indicate what note corresponds to the five lines and also spaces.
    | Clefs indicate which musical note is going to
    the lines and the different spaces. | This
    clefs indicate for these lines and also spaces.}

    {There {are actually|actually are|is} {two|two separate|two distinct} {primary|different|distinct} {clefs|clef|music notes} {used in|used in various|used in the} {music|musical} {notation|notes|notations}.
    | There {are actually|actually are|is} {two|two separate|two distinct} {primary|different|distinct} {clefs|musical notes|clef} {used in|used in various|used in the} {notations|music|musical} {of|music} {these
    notes|these notes}.

  27. Music sheets and scores offer the essential guidance
    for composers to play pieces accurately.

    Understanding Music Sheets and Scores
    Music notations and scores hold the transcribed notation of musical pieces.

    Elements of Music Sheets and Scores
    1. **Stave:** The set of five lines and four spaces that represent
    different musical pitches.
    2. **Signs:** Indicators of the pitch of the notes written on the staff.

    3. **Tones:** The symbols used to indicate the pitch and duration of sounds in music.

    4. **Breaks:** Notations that represent periods of silence.

    5. **Rhythm:** Shows the number of beats in each measure and the note value of each beat.

    6. **Tonality:** Defines the tonality of the piece.
    7. **Dynamics:** Indications of the volume of the music.

    8. **Expression:** Indicators of the expression or phrasing of notes.

    9. **Speed:** The speed at which the piece should be performed.

    10. **Embellishments:** Indications of additional notes for expressive
    effect.

    Reading Music Sheets and Scores
    Understanding music sheets and scores demands understanding of the various
    parts and notations used.

    Benefits of Learning to Read Music Sheets and Scores
    1. **Improved Knowledge:** Reading music
    sheets enhances one’s understanding of music theory and composition.
    2. **Broader Skill Set:** Being able to read music increases a musician’s versatility.

    3. **Better Communication:** Musicians who read music can collaborate more effectively.

    4. **Archiving:** Written music preserves compositions for future generations.

    5. **Personal Fulfillment:** Learning to read music can be a deeply fulfilling and rewarding
    experience.

    Tips for Beginners
    1. **Begin with Basics:** Start with the basics before tackling more complex compositions.

    2. **Practice Regularly:** Consistent practice helps reinforce learning.

    3. **Take Advantage of Tools:** Many resources are available online to help
    beginners learn to read music.
    4. **Find a Group:** Find a group of like-minded
    individuals to share your learning journey.

    5. **Keep Trying:** Learning to read music takes time and effort.

    Advanced Techniques
    1. **Sight Reading:** The ability to read and play a piece
    of music on the spot without prior preparation.
    2. **Transposition:** Altering the key in which music is played.

    3. **Creating Harmonies:** Creating harmonies
    to complement a primary melody.
    4. **Spontaneous Composition:** Ad-libbing music as it
    is played.
    5. **Expressive Playing:** Playing written music with personal flair and expressiveness.

    Famous Composers and Their Scores
    1. **Ludwig van Beethoven:** Renowned for his profound and expressive music.

    2. **W. A. Mozart:** Renowned for his musical brilliance and creativity.

    3. **Johann Sebastian Bach:** Known for his masterful use of counterpoint and harmony.

    4. **Tchaikovsky:** Famous for his richly orchestrated and
    emotive music.
    5. **Debussy:** Known for his unique and expressive musical style.

    Digital vs. Traditional Music Scores
    **Benefits of Digital Music:**
    – Availability: Available on multiple platforms.

    – Modification: Simple to make changes and adjustments.

    – Capacity: Large capacity for storing multiple scores.

    **Advantages of Traditional Scores:**
    – Hands-On: Engaging tactile experience.
    – Longevity: Stands the test of time.
    – Visual Beauty: Holds artistic and historical significance.

    The Role of Technology in Music Scores
    Technology has transformed the way we use music scores.

    **Digital Sheet Music Apps:** Digital sheet music apps provide
    convenient platforms for composing and distributing music.

    **Online Libraries:** Platforms like IMSLP and Mutopia Project offer vast collections
    of free and public domain sheet music.
    **Interactive Learning Tools:** Technology-based tools provide interactive music learning opportunities.

    Conclusion
    Music sheets and scores are integral to the practice of music.

    Whether you are starting out or have experience, understanding how
    to read and use music sheets and scores is advantageous.

    Embrace the process of understanding music sheets and
    scores, and discover the endless possibilities that await.

    Music sheets hold a deep history that extends over ages.

    Early Beginnings
    The earliest versions of music notation date back to early societies.

    Ancient Greeks created rudimentary music notation systems to record their musical practices.

    The Greek Contribution
    Ancient Greece made significant contributions to music notation.

    Medieval Innovations
    The Dark Ages saw major progress in music notation.

    The Renaissance Era
    Renaissance brought a resurgence of art, including music notation.

    Baroque and Classical Periods
    During the Baroque and Classical periods, music notation developed further,
    becoming more complex.

    The Romantic Era
    The Romantic period initiated innovative dynamic styles
    in music notation.

    The Modern Age
    In the contemporary period, music notation underwent major changes, incorporating digital tools.

    The Digital Revolution
    The advent of computer-based scores revolutionized the field of music notation.

    Key Milestones in Music Notation History
    1. **Early Marks:** Early Egyptian hieroglyphs used to depict music.

    2. **Guido d’Arezzo:** Guido d’Arezzo’s revolutionary contributions
    to music notation.
    3. **The Renaissance:** Evolution of musical scores in the Classical era.

    4. **Expressive Notation:** Increased complexity and detail in Romantic music notation.
    5. **Contemporary Techniques:** Revolutionary changes in music notation practices in the modern age.

    The Role of Music Sheets in Education
    Music sheets serve a crucial function in learning music.

    Notable Composers and Their Contributions
    1. **Bach:** Known for his complex and detailed musical scores.

    2. **Ludwig van Beethoven:** Advanced the use of
    expressive dynamics in notation.
    3. **W.A. Mozart:** Perfected the Classical approach to elegant and clear notation.
    4. **F. Chopin:** Innovated in the expressive notation for piano compositions.

    5. **Stravinsky:** Known for his groundbreaking 20th-century notational techniques.

    Evolution of Music Sheets in the Digital Age
    The digital age has dramatically altered the approach we use music sheets.

    Future of Music Sheets
    The coming age of music sheets holds exciting innovations.

    With the evolution of technology, the methods artists use to
    produce and share music sheets will in parallel progress.

    Conclusion
    The history of music sheets is rich, showcasing the evolution of music itself.

    From primitive notations to electronic sheets, music
    sheets have functioned as a crucial tool for documenting and transmitting musical ideas.

    As we look ahead, the legacy of music sheets shall
    endure, changing with technological progress.
    }
    Music sheets hold a deep history that spans over millennia.

    Early Beginnings
    The initial versions of music notation trace back to ancient civilizations.

    Ancient Greeks created basic music notation methods to record their musical practices.

    The Greek Contribution
    The Greeks made important improvements to music notation.

    Medieval Innovations
    The Middle Ages witnessed substantial progress in music notation.

    The Renaissance Era
    The Renaissance brought a rebirth of art, including music notation.

    Baroque and Classical Periods
    During the Baroque periods, music notation evolved further, growing more sophisticated.

    The Romantic Era
    The Romantic period initiated novel emotional techniques in music notation.

    The Modern Age
    In the 20th century, music notation experienced substantial changes,
    incorporating technology.

    The Digital Revolution
    The arrival of electronic notation changed the field of music notation.

    Key Milestones in Music Notation History
    1. **Ancient Notations:** Early Egyptian hieroglyphs used to depict music.

    2. **Medieval Notation:** Development of staff lines and notation methods in medieval Europe.

    3. **Classical Evolution:** Advancements in notational precision during
    the Renaissance.
    4. **Romantic Period:** Increased complexity and detail in Romantic music notation.
    5. **Modern Notation:** Revolutionary changes in music notation practices in the modern age.

    The Role of Music Sheets in Education
    Music sheets act as a important role in learning music.

    Notable Composers and Their Contributions
    1. **J.S. Bach:** Famed for his intricate and precise notation.
    2. **Beethoven:** Advanced the use of expressive dynamics in notation.
    3. **Mozart:** Excelled in the Classical era’s precise and
    clear notation.
    4. **F. Chopin:** Expanded the use of expressive notations for piano
    music.
    5. **Igor Stravinsky:** Known for his groundbreaking 20th-century notational techniques.

    Evolution of Music Sheets in the Digital Age
    The modern era has profoundly changed the method we create music sheets.

    Future of Music Sheets
    The next era of music sheets holds intriguing developments.

    As technology advances, the methods artists use to compose
    and share music sheets will likewise evolve.

    Conclusion
    The history of music sheets is intricate, reflecting the advancement
    of music itself.

    From ancient symbols to digital scores, music sheets
    have served as a fundamental tool for recording and sharing musical ideas.

    As we progress, the history of music sheets
    shall endure, changing with each new era.}
    Learning to read music sheets is vital for any aspiring musician. | Understanding how to read music sheets is crucial for every aspiring musician. | Mastering the art of reading music sheets is essential for any aspiring
    musicians.}

    What Are Music Sheets?
    Music sheets serve as written down forms of music notes, displaying the pitch as well as, pace of a musical work.

    Getting Started with Music Sheets
    Learning reading music sheets starts with familiarizing yourself
    with the basic components of music notation.

    Understanding Musical Notation
    Musical notation involves several crucial components, such
    as the staff, clefs, notes, and rhythms.

    The staff is is actually the foundation in musical notation.

    In that musical notations, this staff actually consists of five separate
    horizontal lines as well as, four spaces.

    2. **Clefs
    This indicate which note on the staff is meant to the different lines as well as, spaces.
    | Clefs indicate what musical note is meant for each line as well as the five
    different spaces. | Clefs denote to these
    lines and the spaces.}

    {There {are actually|actually are|is} {two|two separate|two distinct} {primary|different|distinct} {clefs|clef|music notes} {used in|used in various|used in the} {music|musical} {notation|notes|notations}.
    | There {are actually|actually are|is} {two|two separate|two
    distinct} {primary|different|distinct} {clefs|musical notes|clef} {used in|used in various|used in the} {notations|music|musical} {of|music} {these notes|these notes}.

  28. Starting a t-shirt store can be an exciting venture for entrepreneurs wanting to explore the fashion industry.
    With the right approach and hard work, a t-shirt shop could thrive and grow into a flourishing
    venture. Here are some key steps to keep in mind
    when launching a t-shirt store.

    ### Business Plan

    Drafting a thorough business plan is crucial for the success of of your t-shirt shop.
    This blueprint should include your customer base, promotional methods, budget, and business goals.
    Knowing your target market will help tailor your t-shirts and marketing efforts to suit their preferences.

    ### Creating the T-Shirts

    Designing of your t-shirts is a key aspect in attracting buyers.
    Work with talented designers to create unique and
    trendy graphics that interest your target market. Think about utilizing various techniques, including screen printing,
    direct-to-garment printing, and sublimation, based
    on your budget and the quality you want of the t-shirts.

    ### Choosing Suppliers

    Choosing dependable vendors for your products is vital to make sure of high-quality goods.
    Identify vendors that supply top-notch basic tees in various colors.
    Building a good partnership with your manufacturers will help
    maintain prompt delivery and affordable pricing.

    ### Creating an Online Presence

    In today’s digital world, having an e-commerce site is essential
    for reaching a more extensive customer base. Develop an appealing
    and easy-to-navigate online store to feature your apparel.
    Utilize clear photos and comprehensive information to give customers a clear idea of what they are purchasing.
    Look into integrating options like safe transactions systems, customer reviews, and social media buttons to improve user engagement.

    ### Marketing and Promotion

    Targeted advertising is crucial to driving visitors to
    your t-shirt shop. Leverage multiple promotional methods,
    like social media, newsletters, partnering with influencers,
    and SEO. Social media platforms allow you to connect with
    a large customer base and highlight your designs.

    Email campaigns is a great method to keep your customers and notify them about new arrivals, special offers, and forthcoming launches.

    Influencer marketing can further boost in connecting with new clients.

    ### Customer Support

    Providing exceptional customer service is crucial for building
    a loyal customer base. Ensure that your clients have a
    positive interaction from beginning to end.
    Address concerns and issues quickly and politely.
    Offering hassle-free returns and clear terms can assist building trust with your clients.

    ### Reviewing Metrics

    Consistently assessing your performance is crucial to
    spot parts for enhancement and tweak your {strategies|approaches

  29. Launching a t-shirt store can be an exciting venture for business owners wanting to enter the apparel industry.
    With a solid approach and dedication, a t-shirt shop can prosper and become a
    profitable business. Here are some important steps to consider when starting a t-shirt shop.

    ### Business Plan

    Creating a thorough strategy is crucial for the success of
    your t-shirt shop. This plan needs to cover your audience, marketing
    strategies, financial plan, and objectives. Knowing your target
    market is crucial to customize your t-shirts and advertising to cater
    to their interests.

    ### Design and Production

    Designing of your t-shirts is a key aspect in drawing buyers.
    Hire talented designers to develop attractive and
    stylish designs that interest your audience. Consider employing diverse processes, like screen printing, direct-to-garment printing, and heat transfer, based on your resources and the desired
    quality of the apparel.

    ### Choosing Suppliers

    Choosing dependable vendors for your materials is crucial to ensure reliable
    products. Look for manufacturers that offer premium plain t-shirts in diverse sizes.
    Establishing a strong relationship with your manufacturers
    can help maintain prompt delivery and affordable costs.

    ### Building an Online Presence

    In today’s internet era, having an digital storefront is crucial for reaching a broader
    market. Develop an appealing and functional e-commerce site to showcase your t-shirts.

    Use professional photos and comprehensive descriptions to offer visitors a good understanding of
    what they are getting. Think about adding options like safe
    transactions options, ratings, and network integration to enhance visitor experience.

    ### Marketing and Promotion

    Targeted marketing is key to driving customers to your t-shirt shop.
    Use various promotional methods, like social media, email marketing, partnering with influencers, and paid search
    ads. Platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok enable you to connect with a large customer base and showcase your t-shirts.

    Sending newsletters is another strategy to engage with your audience and update them about
    latest designs, promotions, and upcoming collections.
    Collaborating with influencers can also assist in reaching potential clients.

    ### After-Sales Service

    Providing outstanding customer service is vital for building a loyal customer
    base. Ensure that your customers have a positive interaction from start to finish.
    Address inquiries and problems quickly and professionally.
    Offering convenient refunds and transparent terms can help building reliability with your customers.

    ### Reviewing Sales

    Regularly reviewing your performance will help identify parts for growth and tweak your {strategies|approaches

  30. Starting a t-shirt store is often an rewarding opportunity for entrepreneurs
    seeking to explore the apparel sector. With the right strategy
    and dedication, a t-shirt shop can prosper and become a profitable
    enterprise. Here are some important steps to think about when launching a t-shirt
    business.

    ### Planning

    Drafting a detailed plan is essential for the success of your t-shirt shop.
    This plan needs to cover the target market,
    promotional methods, financial plan, and business goals. Identifying
    your audience can help tailor your t-shirts and promotional
    activities to cater to their interests.

    ### Creating the T-Shirts

    The design of your t-shirts is a critical element in attracting clients.
    Hire skilled graphic designers to develop unique and stylish patterns that resonate with your customers.
    Consider using different processes, like screen printing, DTG printing, and sublimation, based on your resources and the quality
    level of the t-shirts.

    ### Choosing Suppliers

    Selecting trustworthy vendors for your t-shirts is essential to
    ensure consistent goods. Search for manufacturers that offer premium blank t-shirts in different sizes.
    Establishing a solid relationship with your suppliers can help guarantee
    on-time supply and reasonable pricing.

    ### Building an Online Store

    In today’s internet age, having an online presence is crucial for reaching
    a more extensive market. Develop an user-friendly and functional online store to showcase your apparel.
    Utilize professional images and comprehensive descriptions to provide buyers
    a better understanding of what they are buying.
    Think about adding elements like safe transactions
    options, ratings, and social media integration to boost customer interaction.

    ### Marketing and Promotion

    Targeted advertising is key to attracting visitors to your t-shirt shop.
    Use multiple marketing channels, like social media, email campaigns, influencer collaborations, and paid search ads.
    Platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok allow you to
    connect with a large audience and feature your t-shirts.

    Email campaigns can be an effective strategy to engage
    with your customers and inform them about
    new arrivals, special offers, and upcoming events.
    Influencer marketing can additionally assist in reaching targeted clients.

    ### After-Sales Service

    Providing outstanding support is crucial for building a loyal audience.
    Make sure that your clients have a positive shopping experience from the moment
    they visit your store. Handle concerns and problems quickly and courteously.
    Offering easy returns and fair conditions can aid in creating confidence with your clients.

    ### Reviewing Sales

    Regularly reviewing your sales can help spot aspects for enhancement
    and modify your {strategies|approaches

  31. Starting a t-shirt store is often an exciting endeavor for individuals looking to explore the
    apparel industry. With a solid approach and hard work,
    a t-shirt shop could prosper and grow into a flourishing venture.
    Here are some important steps to think about when opening a t-shirt shop.

    ### Business Plan

    Drafting a thorough business plan is crucial for the success of your t-shirt shop.

    This blueprint must outline your audience, advertising plans, funding requirements, and aims.
    Knowing your customer base will help adjust your products and marketing efforts to suit their preferences.

    ### Designing and Producing

    Creating the design of your t-shirts is a key element in appealing to buyers.
    Consider hiring experienced graphic designers to create
    eye-catching and fashionable graphics that interest
    your audience. Think about utilizing different processes, including screen printing, direct-to-garment printing, and vinyl printing, based on your resources and the
    quality level of the t-shirts.

    ### Choosing Suppliers

    Choosing reliable vendors for your materials is
    crucial to ensure reliable products. Identify vendors that offer
    top-notch basic tees in different colors. Creating a solid partnership with your manufacturers can help ensure timely
    supply and competitive pricing.

    ### Building an Online Shop

    In today’s online age, having an online presence is essential for connecting with a more extensive audience.
    Develop an user-friendly and efficient e-commerce site to display your products.
    Implement high-quality pictures and detailed information to offer visitors
    a good idea of what they are getting. Consider adding options like secure
    payment options, customer reviews, and network buttons to boost visitor experience.

    ### Marketing and Promotion

    Targeted marketing is essential to attracting
    customers to your t-shirt shop. Use different marketing channels,
    such as social media, email campaigns, partnering with
    influencers, and SEO. Social media platforms
    provide you to engage a vast audience and highlight
    your designs.

    Sending newsletters is another method to keep your customers and notify them about new products, promotions,
    and forthcoming launches. Partnering with influencers can additionally boost in reaching potential customers.

    ### After-Sales Service

    Providing excellent after-sales service is essential for creating a faithful audience.
    Make sure that your clients have a positive shopping experience from start to finish.

    Handle concerns and complaints quickly and professionally.
    Offering convenient refunds and clear terms can aid in creating trust with
    your customers.

    ### Assessing Metrics

    Regularly reviewing your performance is crucial to spot aspects for
    growth and modify your {strategies|approaches

  32. Starting a t-shirt store is often an rewarding venture for
    business owners wanting to explore the fashion sector. With the right approach and hard
    work, a t-shirt shop can prosper and turn into a
    profitable enterprise. Here are some key steps to think about when opening a t-shirt shop.

    ### Initial Planning

    Drafting a comprehensive plan is crucial for the success of of your
    t-shirt shop. This blueprint needs to include your customer base, advertising plans, budget,
    and business goals. Knowing your customer base is crucial to adjust your t-shirts and marketing efforts to meet their needs.

    ### Designing and Producing

    The design of your t-shirts is a key aspect in drawing buyers.
    Consider hiring talented graphic designers to create unique and trendy patterns that interest your target market.
    Think about using various processes, including
    screen printing, digital printing, and vinyl printing, based on your budget and the quality level
    of the apparel.

    ### Sourcing Materials

    Finding dependable manufacturers for your t-shirts is essential to make sure of consistent goods.
    Search for manufacturers that provide top-notch plain t-shirts in different styles.
    Creating a strong relationship with your suppliers
    can help maintain on-time shipments and reasonable costs.

    ### Creating an Online Presence

    In today’s internet world, having an e-commerce site is essential
    for connecting with a more extensive market.
    Create an appealing and efficient website to showcase your t-shirts.
    Implement clear pictures and informative information to give customers a better
    sense of what they are buying. Think about adding options
    like trusted payment options, feedback, and network integration to enhance user engagement.

    ### Marketing and Promotion

    Effective advertising is key to driving visitors to
    your t-shirt shop. Leverage multiple promotional methods, including social media, newsletters,
    partnering with influencers, and paid search ads.
    Platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok enable you to reach a broad number
    of people and highlight your designs.

    Email campaigns can be an effective strategy to engage with your audience and update them about new arrivals, special offers,
    and forthcoming collections. Influencer marketing can also assist in connecting with
    targeted buyers.

    ### Customer Service

    Providing excellent after-sales service is crucial for creating
    a faithful customer base. Guarantee that your clients have a satisfactory
    shopping experience from the moment they visit your store.
    Respond to concerns and problems promptly and courteously.
    Offering hassle-free exchanges and clear terms can aid in building trust
    with your clients.

    ### Analyzing Metrics

    Frequently analyzing your sales is crucial to detect parts for
    enhancement and adjust your {strategies|approaches

  33. Opening a t-shirt shop is often an exciting opportunity
    for business owners looking to explore the clothing sector.
    With an effective plan and dedication, a t-shirt shop may thrive
    and become a successful venture. Here are some important steps
    to keep in mind when opening a t-shirt shop.

    ### Business Plan

    Drafting a thorough strategy is crucial for the success and growth of your
    t-shirt shop. This strategy should outline your target market, promotional methods, financial plan,
    and business goals. Understanding your customer base will help customize your
    products and marketing efforts to meet their needs.

    ### Creating the T-Shirts

    The design of your t-shirts is a important element in attracting customers.

    Hire talented designers to create eye-catching and fashionable graphics that interest your customers.
    Consider utilizing different techniques, such as screen printing, digital printing, and
    vinyl printing, depending on your budget and the quality level of
    the t-shirts.

    ### Choosing Suppliers

    Selecting reliable vendors for your products is essential to ensure consistent products.

    Look for vendors that supply top-notch plain t-shirts in different colors.
    Establishing a strong relationship with your manufacturers is important to guarantee timely supply and affordable pricing.

    ### Setting Up an Online Shop

    In today’s digital world, having an e-commerce site is essential for reaching a more extensive customer base.
    Build an attractive and easy-to-navigate website to showcase your t-shirts.
    Implement clear images and comprehensive product details to provide buyers a clear sense of what
    they are purchasing. Think about adding options like safe transactions options,
    ratings, and network links to boost user engagement.

    ### Advertising and Marketing

    Effective marketing is essential to bringing in traffic to your t-shirt shop.
    Use various promotional methods, including social media, newsletters,
    influencer marketing, and search engine optimization. Social media platforms
    provide you to engage a large customer base and highlight your t-shirts.

    Sending newsletters is a great way to stay in touch with your audience and update them about latest designs, sales, and
    upcoming launches. Collaborating with influencers can also help in accessing
    potential clients.

    ### After-Sales Service

    Providing outstanding customer service is crucial for creating a loyal audience.

    Ensure that your buyers have a positive shopping experience from start to
    finish. Respond to questions and complaints promptly and
    professionally. Offering easy returns and
    fair conditions can assist establishing confidence with
    your audience.

    ### Reviewing Performance

    Regularly assessing your business metrics can help spot aspects for enhancement
    and tweak your {strategies|approaches

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